734 



RITSCHL 



RITUAL 



i~ in fact identical with His grace. All meta- 

 physical statement* as to Hi- absoluteness or 

 existence through, or in, or for Ilim-clf are of no 

 religious value. In connection with his doctrine 

 of Cud, Hitachi an aches high ini|H>rtance to the 

 conception of the chinch as being the community 

 within which alone men can have reconciliation 

 with Cod and freedom from the sense of guilt, 

 and .-o lie able to act from motives of love, and 

 realise that human and divine fellowship of perfect 

 love which is the kingdom of Cod. Ill this RitMh] 

 expressly differs from Schleierniacher (in many 

 other respects a master whom he follows closely i ; 

 hut, while rejecting the Protestant formula of the 

 latter, that the relation of the individual to the 

 church depend* on his relation to Christ, he U very 

 far removed from the position of Koinan Catholi- 

 cism. His doctrine of Christ attaches no value to 

 the hypostatical distinction of persons in the (loci- 

 head or to the ecclesiastical doctrine of the two 

 natures or the three offices, hut states the divinity 

 of Christ in terms of His peculiar and unique rela- 

 tion to the church, which He founded by His life 

 and work on earth. This work was atoning work ; 

 but the reconciliation with Cod and immunity 

 from the sense of guilt which He secured for the 

 church were obtained not by vicarious endurance 

 of the punishment due to sinful men, but by His 

 perfect fulfilment, in loving deed and word, of the 

 work of His calling, and by His perseverance in it in 

 spite of all opposition, and by His patient endurance 

 of all suffering even unto death. The justification 

 possessed by the Christian as a meniher of Christ's 

 community is practically shown in his freedom or 

 dominion over the world. This dominion is exer- 

 cised, in trust in God's providence, by patience, by 

 humility amid all the vicissitudes of life, by faith- 

 fulness of the individual to his calling as being his 

 contribution to the kingdom of God, and by Chris- 

 tian prayer, which is chiefly thanksgiving or humble 

 recognition of the divine rule. RitechT is usually 

 classified as an 'eclectic mediating theologian;' 

 perhaps ' intermediate ' would be a better word, 

 tor his theology is uncompromisingly opposed alike 

 by the ' rationalist ' and by the ' orthodox ' parties. 

 The Ritschlians now form a large and important 

 school in Cermany, the most prominent among 

 them being Kaftan, Herrmann, and Bender. 



See the Life by his son Otto ( 2 voU. 1892-96 ) ; Stiihlin, 

 Kant, Lotze, and Rittchl (trans. 1889); Pfleiderer, 

 Die Ritschfsche Theologie ( 1891 ) ; and works by M it-Ike 

 ( 1894 ) and Pf ennigsdorf ( 18% ). 



RitS<'hI,Kl(lKi>nini\Vii.iiKl.M, classical scholar, 

 was born at Gross vargu la, near Erfurt, (ith April 

 1806. He studied at Leipzig and at Halle, 

 held chairs of Philology at Breslau (from 1834), 

 Bonn (from 1839), and Leipzig (from 1865), and 

 died at Leipzig on Oth Nove.mlier 1876. As a 

 teacher he exercised great influence over his pupils, 

 amongst whom were Curtius, Ihne, Brttgmann, &c. 

 His greatest work is an edition of I'lautus i :t vols. 

 P.'inn, 1848-54; new ed. 1881 87), provided with 

 (the richest critical apparatus. This standard work 

 WB8 preceded by /'/ r>/n I'/mi/inn rt Ti-ri'iilmiui 

 ( Leip. 1845). He achieved a second triumph in 

 the department of Latin inscriptions, his collection, 

 Pritcas Latinttatis .M<,iiniiiit<i K/m/mjikica (Ber- 

 lin, 1864), being the forerunner of the great Corpus 

 Intcriptionum Lnlinnrum, Hitachi's numerous 

 critical 'papers and dissertations are collected in 

 Optueula Pkiloloffica (6 vols. L.-ip. 1867-79). Rib- 

 beck'* Life of him is the best (2 vols. 1879-81); 

 ee also another by L. Miiller ( 1878). 



Rflsoii. .InsKi'H, a learned and honest, but 

 pedantic, acrid, and ill-mannered antiquary, was 

 iHirn of Westmorland yeoman family at Stockton- 

 on -Tees, in 1762. He was bred to the law, and 



practised as a conveyancer in London, but was 

 enabled by the profits of the office of Deputy High- 

 hailiff of the Duchy of Lancaster to give most, of 

 his time to antiouarian studies. He made himself 

 as notorious by liis cra/.y vegetarianism, his whim- 

 sical spelling, and irreverence, as by the acerbity 

 of his attacks on much bigger men than himMa. 

 Scott alone of his contemporaries kept good terms 

 with him, but then none other hod his larg^e heart 

 and genial humour. Undoubtedly Ritson's mind 

 was deranged, and he died in a fit of gloom, 3d 

 September 1803. Riteon's industry was remark- 

 able, and all his forty liooks are valuable despite 

 the blemishes in which they aliouiid. His iirst 

 important work was an abusive but well-grounded 

 attack on Walton's History of English Poetry 

 (1782). Next year he assailed Johnson and 

 Steevens for their text of Shakespeare ; in 1790 

 he attacked BUhop Percy with absurd ferocity in 

 the preface to a collection of Ancient SHHII.I : in 

 1702 appeared his characteristic Cursory Criticisms 

 on Malone's Shakespeare. 



Other works were A Select Collection of English Song* 

 (S voln. 1783); Piectt of Ancient Popular Poetry ( 1791); 

 The Englith Anthology (3 volg. 1793-94) ; A Collection of 

 Scottish Sonot (2 volt. 1794) ; Poem*, by Laurence Minot 

 (1795); Robin Hood: a Collection of all the Aneimt 

 Poem, Songt, and Ballads (2 volg. 1795); BiUii,- 

 graiJiica Poetica : a Catalogue of Knglith I'oet* of the 

 XII.-XVI. Centuries (1802); and Ancient Enylith Metri- 

 cal Romances (3 volg. 1802). His various North Country 

 (far/and* and his Estay on Abstinence from Animal 

 Food as a Moral Duty (1802) were less important. 

 Joseph Mask-wood wrote a short account of his Life 

 (1824 ) ; his Letters were edited, with a Life, by Sir X. 

 Harris Nicolas (2 vols. 1833). 



Kilter. HEINRICH, German philosopher, was 

 born at Zerbst in Anhalt on 21st Novemlier 1701, 

 studied theology and philosophy at Halle, Cot- 

 tingen, and Berlin ; was professor of Philosophy 

 successively at Berlin (1824-33), Kiel, and Cot 

 tingen (1837-69); and died in GSttingen on 3d 

 February 1869. His fame rests upon an extremely 

 careful and impartial Allgemeine Getcltirhtr <l<r 

 Philosophie (12 vols. 1829-55), with a continua- 

 tion carrying on the work from Kant ( 1853) ; and 

 upon Die Christliche Pkilosophie (2 vols. 1858-59). 



Kilter. KAKL, a geographer, was born August 

 7, 1779, at Quedlinburg in Prussia, was educated 

 at Schnepfenthal under (Juts Mnths, studied in 

 Halle, was in 1820 nominated professor of Ceo. 

 graphy at Berlin, became subsequently member 

 of the Academy and Director of Studies of the 

 Military School, and died 28th September 1859. 

 With Hitter as the founder of general comparative 

 geography logins a new epoch in the history of 

 geographical science. His chief work (uncom- 

 pleted) was Die Erdkunde im Verhitltninse znr 

 Natur und Geschichte des Menschen ('Geography 

 in its Relation to Nature and the History of 

 Men,' 10 vols. Berlin, 1822-59). The work is 

 divided into four parts (1) Central Asia, Siberia, 

 China, and India; (2) West Asia; (3) Arabia; 

 (4) Sinai I'eninsula, Palestine, and Syria. Besides 

 this he wrote an liilrniliirtion to General ComjMirii- 

 five Geography ( 1852) ; Europe (2 vols. 1807) ; and 

 The Stupas, or the Architectural Monuments on the 

 Indo-Bar,tria,n Royal Road, and the Colossus of 

 Bamian (1838). His lectures were published in 

 three volumes History of Geography (1851), 

 I I.H:,;,! CriMirtiphii ( I S('i2 ), ' and Europe (1863) 

 by Daniel. His name is perpetuated in two geo- 

 graphical institutions in Berlin and Leipzig. See 

 Life by Gage ( Edin. 1867 ) and Kramer, Carl Ritter, 

 rin /,f6enWW(2ded. Halle, 1875). 



Ritual ( Lat. riliialc, ' book of rites '), the name 

 of one of the service-books of the Roman Church, 

 in which are contained the prayers and order of 



