RIVET 



ROADS 



739 



the old nobility, and their avarice aroused the 

 enmity of the people. In 1469 Earl Rivers was 

 seized and beheaded at Northampton, but accounts 

 differ as to who were his executioners whether 

 Robin of Redesdale or the officers of the Duke of 

 Clarence and the Earl of Warwick. His son 

 ANTHONY, known as Lord Scales during the 

 father's lifetime, succeeded to the earldom in 1469. 

 He stuck closely to his royal brother-in-law, who 

 made him captain-general of the forces. After 

 Edward's death he acted on the council of regency 

 for his infant son, but was seized by order of 

 Richard, Duke of Gloucester, and put to death at 

 Pontefract in 1483. 



Rivet< a metal pin for connecting two plates of 

 metal or other material together. The rivet is put 

 through holes in both plates, and the projecting 

 ends are then beaten down so as to represent the 

 head of a nail on each side, and thus hold the 

 plates in close contact. Rivets are of most essen- 

 tial ini]Hirtance in boiler and tank making, and in 

 building iron ships. They are usually put through 

 the holes and beaten down while red'-hot, in order 

 that the contraction of the rivet, as it cools, may 

 produce more intimate contact of the plates. Both 

 steam and hydraulic riveting-machines have been 

 in use for a good many years. 



Riviera ( ' seashore ), a term applied to the 

 narrow strip of coast-land bordering the Gulf of 

 Genoa, strictly from Nice to Spezzia, but generally 

 understood to include the whole coast of the 

 department of the Alpes Maritimes, and the Italian 

 coast as far as Leghorn. West of Genoa it is 

 called the Riviera di Ponente, or western coast, 

 and beyond Genoa the Riviera di Levante, or 

 eastern coast. From Hyeres to Genoa is 203 

 miles; from Genoa to Leghorn, 112; sheltered on 

 the north by mountains, the district enjoys an 

 exceptionally favoured climate, no other region 

 north of Palermo and Valencia being so mild in 

 winter. The western section is the mildest and 

 most frequented. It abounds in the most striking 

 and lieautiful scenery, and is planted with numer- 

 ous health and fashion resorts Nice, Monaco, 

 Mentone, Ventimiglia, San Remo, Bordighera, 

 &c. ; and west of Nice are Hyeres, Frejus, Cannes, 

 Grasse, Antibes. The various sections of the coast 

 of ' La Provence Maritime ' have each certain dis- 

 tinctive peculiarities, but none of them is entirely 

 exempt from occasional cold winds. The Saracens 

 held posts on this coast, and levied blackmail for 

 centuries. The famous Corniche (Ital. Cornice) 

 road leads along the coast from Nice to Genoa. 



There are guide-books by Baedeker, Murray, C. B. 

 Black, Dr Hugh Macmillau, and Miss Dempster, Mari- 

 time Alp ( 1884 ) ; A. J. C. Hare's The Rivierns ( 1897 ) ; 

 Spark's The Riviera ( 1880 ), and works cited at the article 

 HEALTH-RESORTS ; and especially The Riviera, Ancient 

 and Modern, by Ch. Lentheric, an invaluable and stand- 

 ard work (trans, by C. West, 18'J5). 



Rivifere, BRITON, was born in London, August 

 14, 1840, son of a drawing-master at Cheltenham 

 College, and afterwards at Oxford. His ancestors 

 were French Huguenot refugees. He studied at 

 Cheltenham College, and at Oxford, where he 

 graduated B.A. in 1867. He had exhibited at 

 the Royal Academy as early as 1858, and again 

 in 1864, but from the appearance of 'The 

 Poacher's Nurse' in 1866 he has been continuously 

 represented by a succession of pictures, which 

 have grown in vigour and impressiveness, in 

 dramatic power, in humour, in pathos, no less 

 than in mastery of technique. No painter of his 

 time approaches him in his treatment of wild 

 animals, and many of his masterpieces in this kind 

 have reached the widest popularity through en- 

 gravings. He was made A.R.A. in 1878, R.A. 



in 1881. Of his numerous works we may here 

 merely name ' Daniel in the Lions' Den,' ' Per- 

 sepolis,' 'A Roman Holiday,' 'Giants at Play,' 

 'Actseon,' 'Vse Victis,' 'Rizpah,' and 'A Mighty 

 Hunter before the Lord.' See Armstrong in Art 

 Journal Annual ( 1891 ). 



Rivingtons. See LONGMANS. 



Ri'voli, a town of Northern Italy, 8 miles W. 

 of Turin, with two royal castles and some industry. 

 Pop. 5314. It was not near this place, but near 

 Rivoli, 12 miles NW. of Verona, that Napoleon 

 won on 14th and 15th January 1797 one of his most 

 decisive victories over the Austrians. 



Ki/.<*ll. a town of Asia Minor, on the coast of 

 the Black Sea, 40 miles E. from Trebizond, manu- 

 factures linen and copper utensils. Pop. 30,000. 



Rizzio. See MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. 



Roach (Leuciscits nitilus), a fish of the family 

 Cyprinidse, abundant in England, the south of Scot- 

 land, and many countries of Europe. It measures 

 from 10 to 15 inches ; the body generally has a 

 silvery appearance, the back is a dull green, the 

 lower fins are red, and there are no barbels. The 

 roach is gregarious in habit, and large shoals are 



Roach (Leuciscus rutilus). 



found usually in lakes, but towards the breeding 

 season they migrate up streams and rivers to 

 spawn. Even at best it is not highly esteemed for 

 food, its flesh, like that of all the Cyprinidse, being 

 soft and flavourless. 



Roads. Roads form a primary element in the 

 material advancement of a nation, being essential 

 to the development of the natural resources of the 

 country. Canals and railways have no doubt, in 

 modern times, superseded to some extent the com- 

 mon highways ; still these retain their importance, 

 were it only as essential auxiliaries. 



The Romans were great constructers of roads, and 

 regarded them as of vital importance for conquest 

 and the maintenance of their empire. They are 

 said to have learned the art from the Carthaginians. 

 Except where some natural barrier made it impos- 

 sible, the Roman roads were almost invariably in 

 a straight line ; probably because the chief means of 

 transport then in use were beasts of burden, and 

 not wheeled vehicles, which made the preservation 

 of the level of less consequence. The substantial 

 character of the Roman roads is well demonstrated 

 by the fact that they have in some instances borne 

 the traffic of 2000 years without material injury. 

 The plan of construction was pretty uniform, being 

 that described in the article on the AppIAN WAY, 

 one of the earliest and most famous of them ; 

 another was the Flaminian Way (q.v. ). They 

 varied in breadth from 15 to 8 feet, and had often 

 raised footpaths at the side, and blocks of stone 

 at intervals, to enable travellers to mount on horse- 

 back (see also PAVEMENT). The Roman empire 

 was ultimately intersected by roads not merely 

 Italy, Spain, Gaul, Illyricum, Macedonia, Thrace, 

 &c., but even in Egypt. In Britain the main lines 

 of Roman roads were four ; Elton ( in his Origins 



