712 



KiiAlts 



ROARING 



hut an act MI parliament can legalise such uses of 

 a public way. 



Subject t the tights which lie has conferred on 

 the public, the owner retain!) his rijjht of proiM-rty 

 in tliv land. If the land on both sides of a nigh- 

 way belongs to the same owner, it is to be pre- 

 sumed that his rights extend over and under the 

 road ; if the I.-UK! mi one side belongs to A and on 

 the iitlii-i side to It, each i- presumed to be owner 

 up to the middle line of the way. If, for example, 

 a mine should be opened in tin- neighbourhood of 

 tin- road, the adjoining owner or owners would 

 have t lie right to mine under it, so long an tmflicient 

 support is loft for the surface of the rond If a gas 

 or water company without authority of parliament 

 takes up a road to lay ite pipes, this is not only a 

 nuisance but a trespass, for which damages may be 

 recovered by tin- owner of the land. It has been 

 held that a |>erson loitering on a highway for the 

 purpose ni' |iu, idling may be indicted tor trespassing 

 on the land of the adjoining owner. 



The repair of a carriage-way involves a regular 

 outlay, and there are some cases in which this 

 burden is imposed upon the owner of the land, 

 rut " an ten ura;, as a part of the service by which 

 he holds his estate. But tin- general rule of com- 

 mon law is that the inhabitant* of a parish must 

 repair the highways within the same ; they are 

 liable to indictment if they fail to perform this 

 duty, and no agreement they can enter into will 

 relieve them of their liability. Many township, 

 &c. , which are not separate poor-law parishes are 

 separate highway parishes by ancient custom. The 

 management of highways separately maintained 

 by the parish was regulated by an act passed in 

 1835, and amending art- ; a parish surveyor \v.is 

 elected by the ratepayers ; in parishes over 5000 

 population a board might be elected. Under an 

 act of iMiJ many parishes were grouped in districts. 

 The highway board of a district consisted of way- 

 wardens elected for the parishes therein, and of the 

 acting justices who reside in the district. Under 

 the Public Health Act an urban sanitary authority 

 was made the highway authority within its district. 

 Many of the m.-iin roads throughout England were 

 constructed or improved under Turnpike trusts, 

 constituted by acts of parliament. Turnpike 

 trusts and highway boards have alike been sii|ier- 

 seded by the provisions of the Local (iovernnient 

 Act of 1878 and subsequent acts. The control of 

 the main roods of a county now rests with the 

 county council, and the burden of tlieir mainten- 

 ance is a county charge. The rural district coun- 

 cils are the highway authorities for highways other 

 than main roads, and have the powers of the sur- 

 veyor of highways. In boroughs the powers of the 

 county council are exercised by the corporation. 

 The parish councils take charge of the repair of foot- 

 paths. Tolls had been generally abolished before 

 these sweeping changes in road management ; see 

 TOLL. Legislation OH to mad-engine* and motor- 

 cars is treated at TRACTIOX-KNOINKS. 



In the law of Scotland a highway is said to be 

 inli-r i-fijuliti ; but it seems that the presumption is 

 that the land over which a road passes belongs to 

 the adjoining owner or owners. Public rights of 

 way are acquired by actual use for the prescriptive 

 penod of forty years. There were formerly two 

 clones of roads -statute-labour and turnpike; by 

 the Roads and Bridges Act, 1878, the management 

 of all roads was vested in county nun I trustees ; by 

 the Local Government Act of 1889 the |>o\vcrsof 

 the road trustees were transferred to the county 

 council ; in the burghs they are managed by the 

 town council or the commissioners of |>olicc. 



For n outline of the English law, nee Wright and 

 Ilnlihoiw. Isirnl Unrrrnmrnl / Kn-il-nul ; for the Scotch 

 Uw, Uoudr and Smith, Local (Jorernment. 



Roamie, a town of France (dept. Loire), 59 

 miles by rail N\V. of Lyons, stands on the left 

 bank of the Loire, which In-come* navigable here, 

 and is crowed by a stone bridge (1820). The prin- 

 cipal chinch is 8t Stephen's (15th to 17th cen- 

 tury). Itoanne has besides an old castle with 

 antiquarian collections, a new hotel-de-ville with 

 a museum, some manufactures, and a large transit 

 trade, especially ' in Lyons manufactures, in iron 

 and coal, and oriental wares. Pop. (1872) 18,615; 

 (1886)30,000; (1891)29,744. 



Roanoke. a river of Virginia and North 

 Carolina, formed by the union, a mile above 

 Clarksville, Virginia, of the Dan and Staunton 

 rivers, which rise in the Alleghanies, Hows south- 

 east through the north-eastern jiortion of Noith 

 Carolina, and empties into Alliemarlc Sound. It 

 is navigable for steamboats to Weldon (130 miles); 

 its length is 230 miles. 



Roanoke, a city of Virginia, on the Roanoke 

 River, 'J.'iS miles by rail \V. of Norfolk, at the 

 junction of the Shenandoah Valley and the 

 Norfolk and Western railways. In 1880 it was 

 a secluded hamlet; by 1890 it was grown to a 

 bustling city, with a court-bouse, opera-house, 

 hotels, churches, gaol, gas and electric lights, 

 large machine-shops, steel and iron works, a 

 rolling-mill, tobacco-, spoke-, and canning-factories, 

 bottle- works, &c. Pop. ( 1 880 ) 669 ; ( 1900 ) ii 1 ,495. 



Roaring, popularly known ax a disease, is only 

 a symptom ot disease in horses. It consists in a 

 more or less loud unnatural sound emitted during 

 the act of inspiration. As a rule it is first mani- 

 fested by an animal making a slight noise, but 

 this slowly increases in lomlness and intensity, and 

 in many cases the animal becomes useless whilst 

 still comparatively young. "Whistling is a inodiliea 

 tion of roaring, ana is due to similar causes. The 

 disease is found to be due, in the great majority of 

 coses, to a wasting, atrophy, and fatty degenera- 

 tion of the muscles of the larynx, but more particu- 

 larly of those of the left side. This is partly at 

 jeast explained by the fact that the nerve supply- 

 ing the motor power to the left side is given off 

 deep within the chest, winding round the posterior 

 aorta, whereas that on the right is given oft' opposite 

 the first rib, just at the entrance into the chest, and 

 that the left nerve is more apt to lie Implicated iu 

 diseases of the organs within the chest. Still this 

 theory is not quite satisfactory, as the same 

 anatomical arrangement is found in ot her animals, 

 yet roaring from muscular atrophy is not known 

 among them, and many 'roarers' whose history 

 has In-en known from birth have never suffered 

 from chest affections, whilst others severely affected 

 with chest disease have not become roarers. Again, 

 mares and ponies are not nearly BO prone to become 

 roarers as males and larger horses. 



The development of roaring is often due to catarrh, 

 strangles, or some other disease affecting the res- 

 piratory organs; but it is generally concluded that 

 these diseases are not sutlicient of themselves to 

 cause it, provided there be no heredi'an taint, this 

 hereditary taint alone being sullicient in many 

 instances to induce roaring without the advent of 

 another disease. There is no cure for it, all 

 attempts made in this direction having hitherto 

 proved abortive. In 1887 an operation for the cure 

 of roaring was reintroduced by I)r Fleming, then 

 principal veterinary surgeon to Her Majesty's 

 Similar operations had been perfornnsd 

 by (iiinther, in Hanover, so far back as 1834. It 

 consists in making a long incision into the larynx, 

 the animal being under chloroform, and removing 

 the arytenoid cartilage and vocal chord of the 

 paralysed side. Some horses were slight Iv l>ene- 

 lite.!, but many became worse than before the 



