744 



UOKKRT OF BRUNNE 



ROBERTSON 



reign altogether. The |niin-i|>iil evenU in Robert's 

 reign were the iii\asiiui of Scotland in 140" by 

 Henry IV. of England, who. at the heiiil of H large 

 army. |ienctrated a- fur a- Edinburgh, hut did not 

 inflict much injury on the country Bore, however, 

 from clemency than ini|Hitnce and the retaliatory 

 expedition nf the Seotrh. two veal's after, under 

 Archilwild Dongla-. which molted in the terrible 

 di-.i-tci ill Hoinililon Mill (i(.v.). Rolieri hail 

 two suns, tlie cidc-t of whom was David, Duke 

 of Roihesay ( 137S 14IRJ), a youth not destitute of 

 parts, hut shockingly licentious. As long OH his 

 mother liM-d he kept within liounds, comparatively 

 -peaking; hut after her death. sa\ s Buchanan, 

 'he gave an unbridled license to his passions ; 

 laying aside fear and shanii'. he not only seduced 

 man led ladies and virgins of good family, but those 

 whom lie could not entice lie forced to his em 

 bracen.' Albany received orders from the king to 

 act as his guardian, and after a short time starved 

 him io death at Falkland ; for which he underwent 

 a mock-trial by his own creatures, and was of 

 course declared innocent. Robert now liecame 

 anxious for the safety of his younger son, James, 

 and, after consulting with Archhixhop \Vardlaw of 

 St Andrews, lie resolved to send him to France ; 

 but, while proceeding thither, the vessel in which 

 he sailed was intercepted hy an English cruiser, 

 and James was taken prisoner ( 1405 ). When his 

 father received the melancholy news he gave way 

 to paroxysms of grief, and died at Rothesay Castle, 

 4th April 1406. 



Robert or llriume. See BRUNNE. 

 Robert of Gloucester. See GLOUCESTER. 



Roberts DAVID, land-cape and architectural 

 painter, was born at Edinburgh (in Stockbridge) 

 on 24th October 1796, and was apprenticed to a 

 lions" painter. In 1818 he advanced to the grade 

 of scene-painter, and in IvJI went to London to 

 paint scenery for the stage of prury Lane. All 

 this while he was studying artistic drawing and 

 painting, and in 1826 ami 1827 he attracted the 

 attention of the public with pictures of Rouen and 

 Amiens cathedrals in the Royal Academy exhibi- 

 tions. Then for several years lie travelled in Spain, 

 Morocco, Egypt, Palestine, Italy, Belgium, making 

 drawings of grand and impressive buildings and 

 landscapes with picturesque edifices, and working 

 them up into pictures. 1 mm among this work the 

 following stand out the drawings from Spain for 

 the illustrations to the Landscape Annual ( 1835- 

 38) ; the magnificent volumes of The Holy Land, 

 Syria, IJunnn, .Iruliiu, l\;/;//it, mi*/ Xn/iia (1842); 

 numerous interiors of churches, as St Miguel at 

 Xeres, Holy Nativity at Bethlehem, St Jean at 

 Caen, St Paul at Antwerp. St Peter's at Rome, 

 the cathedral!- of Milan and Seville ; and the 

 grandiose pictures, Departure of the Israelites 

 Horn Egypt' (1829), 'Ruins of the Great Temple 

 at Carnac (1845), 'Jerusalem from the Smith east' 

 ( I S4."i ), ' Destruction of Jerusalem ' ( 1849 ), ' Rome ' 

 (1856), and 'Grand Canal at Venice' (1856). 

 Roberta' style is essentially s|>ectwular, producing 

 grand broad effects, with magnificent architectural 

 arrangements, to which (lie details are of comsc 

 generally -aci iliced. He wiis elected an A.R.A. in 

 1839, an R.A. in 1841 ; and died iV.ih November 

 1864. See Life by James Ballantine ( 1866). 



Roberts. SIK FREDERICK. British general, was 

 the son of an India officer. General Sir Ahraham 

 Roberta, and was horn at Cawnporc on 30th 

 September 1832. He wan brought to England 

 when two years old, educated at Clifton, Eton, 

 Sandhurst, and AddUcomlie, and entered the 

 Bengal Artillery in 1851. His first taste of 

 actual warfare was got in the hot time of the siege 

 of Delhi, during the Mutiny, and he took an active 



part in the subsequent operations down to the 

 relief of 1. iickuow, acting on the stall', in the 

 quartet master-general'.- dcpai tment, and he won 

 the V.C. He discharged the duties of assistant 

 quartermaster-general in the AKvs-inian cxpcdi- 

 tion of 1868, and in the Lushai expedition of 

 1871-72. On the outbreak of the Afghan war in 

 1878, Roberta, now major-general, wa> np|H>intcd 

 to command the Kiiiiam division of the army. He 

 forced in brilliant fa-hion the Afghan po-ition on 

 the peak of Peiwar Kotul (H.VKI feet above 

 level), and was rewarded with a knight conmiander- 

 ship of the Math ( IH71M- After the murder of Sir 

 Louis Cavagnari and the escort of the British mis-ion 

 at Kabul, he was given the command of the force 

 sent to avenge them. He defeated the Afghans at 

 Charasia on lith October, took possession of Kabul 

 on the 12th, and assumed the government of the 

 country, Yakiih Khan having abdicated. Event* 

 followed quickly : the fortified cantonment of 

 Sherpur was occupied 1>\ the British army, the 

 fortress of Bala Hissar in Kabul was dismantl' -d, 

 Yakiib Khan was sent a prisoner to India, the- 

 Afghans began to concentrate on Kabul, General 

 Roberts sought to check them, and there was much 

 shar]i lighting round the city, Al>dul Rahman 

 was proclaimed Ameer, and General Burrows was 

 criishingly defeated at Mniwand, and the British 

 garrison of Kandahar besieged by the followers of 

 Ayub Khan. On 9th August Sir !'. Roberts set 

 out with 10,148 Hoops, 8143 native followers, and 

 11,224 baggage animals on his memorable march 

 through the heartof Afghanistan. Reaching Kan- 

 dahar three weeks later, he. immediately gave I , -title 

 to Ayub Khan, and routed him completely, uip- 

 lurin'g all his artillery and his camp. He revisited 

 Kngland towards the close of the year and was hon- 

 oured with a baronetcv ; on his return to India he 

 was appointed comiiiaiiiler-in-chief of the Madras 

 army (1881); and in 1885-93 was commandei in- 

 chief in India. In 1S!(."> he was made Field-marshal 

 Lord Roberts 'of Kandahar and Waterford,' and 

 commander of the forces in Ireland; he commanded 

 in chief in South Africa in 1899-1900, and in I'.NN> 

 was made conimander-in-chief of the British army. 

 He is also G.C.S.I., LL.D. ( Cantab.), \c. 



See a Life hy C. R, Low ( 1883 ), but especially Lord 

 Roberta's own work, forty-one Yran in India ( L806 i. 



Robertson, FRKDKKICK WILLIAM, was born, 



eldest of the seven children of an artillery captain, 

 in London on 3d February ISHi, and s]>ent hi 

 first live years at Lcith Fort. He had his school- 

 ing at Beverley, Tours, and Edinburgh Academy, 

 ami from the beginning was marked as an eager 

 and imaginative child, gentle and unselfish, of 

 singular purity of spirit and uprightness of charac- 

 ter, and with an altogether nn childlike sense of 

 the dignity of duty. After a short time of study 

 at Edinburgh I'niversity, and a year of wearing 

 drudgery in a solicitor's oflice at Bury St Kdmnnds, 

 he returned to his home at Cheltenham to prepare 

 for the army, but while waiting for his commis- 

 sion was, after much misgiving, persuaded of his 

 vocation to the ministry. lie matriculated at 

 nose College, Oxford, on lib May IN.S7, and 

 live days later came the oiler of a commission in a 

 cavalry regiment. At Oxford he lived a secluded 

 life, aiid gave himself with fervour to the stmK of 

 the Scriptures. From the beginning he felt no 

 real iithnity with Newmanism. but clung firmly to 

 the Evangelicalism of his upbringing, tempered by 

 a charity and tolerance all his own. Although he 

 did not compete for honours, he read haul, espe- 

 cially in Plato, Aristotle, Butler, with Shelle\, 

 Coleridge, and Wordsworth. He was ordained by 

 the Bishop of Winchester in July 1840, and for 

 nearly a year thereafter held a curacy at Win- 

 chester. His health now broke down at once 



