ROE 



ROGER I. 



761 



surface and around the tail the colour is whitish, 

 but there is considerable variety. The hair is 

 linger than in many deer. The tail is very short, 

 concealed among the hair. The antlers, which are 

 peculiar to the male or Roebuck, are 8 or 9 inches 

 long, erect, round, very rough, longitudinally 

 furrowed ; having, in mature animals, two or three 

 tines or branches, which, as well as the tip of the 

 horn, are sharp-pointed, so that the antlers form 

 very dangerous weapons. The habits of the roe 



Roebuck ( Caprmlus caprea). 



are somewhat like those of the goat, or even of the 

 chamois. It keeps its footing on rocks with great 

 security, bounds very actively, and takes great 

 leaps. Its usual pace, when not very hard pressed, 

 M, nowever, a kind of canter. It is not gregarious, 

 not more than a buck and doe with one or two 

 fawns being usually seen together. Contrary to 

 what is usual among deer, the male and female 

 remain attached during life. The voice of the roe- 

 deer, resembling that of a sheep, but shorter and 

 more barking, is often heard through the night. 

 The males are very combative at the breeding 

 season. The roe browses on the tender shoots 

 of trees and bushes as well as on herbage, and 

 is thus very injurious to young woods. It is 

 never very thoroughly tamed, and when partially 

 so is apt to become mischievous, and tne male 

 dangerous. The venison is superior to that of the 

 M:I;I, but not equal to that of the fallow-deer. 

 The horns are used for handles of carving-knives 

 and similar articles. 



Roc, EDWARD PAYSON, American novelist, was 

 born iu New Windsor, New York, 7th March 1838. 

 On the completion of his theological studies he 

 liecame a chaplain in the volunteer service (1862- 

 65), and afterwards pastor of a Presbyterian church 

 at Highland Falls. The great Chicago fire of 1871 

 furnislied him with a subject for his first novel, 

 Barriers Burned Away (1872), which proved very 

 successful. He resigned his pastorate and settled 

 at Cornwall-on-the- Hudson in 1874, where he 

 devoted himself to the successful cultivation of 

 literature and of small fruits. Fifteen novels 

 came from his pen, all of which have been re- 

 printed in Britain, and have l>eeu widely read on 

 both sides of the Atlantic. The best known are 

 From Jest to Earnest (1875), Near to Nature's 

 Heart ( 1876), Nature's Serial Story ( 1884 ), and He 

 Fell in Love with his Wife ( 1886). He is also the 

 author of Play anil Profit in My Garden (1873), 

 and Success with Small Fruits (1880). He died 

 suddenly, 19th July 1888 ; by which date the sale 

 of his works had amounted to 750,000 copies. 



Roe, RICHARD. See DOE (JOHN). 



Roe, SIR THOMAS, diplomatist, was born near 

 Wanstead in Essex almut 1568, studied at Oxford, 

 and, after holding court appointments under Eliza- 



beth and James I., was sent as a political agent to 

 the West Indies, Guiana, and Brazil. In 1614 he 

 sat in parliament, but from 1615 to 1618 was 

 ambassador to the Great Mogul Jahangir at Agra. 

 His journal of this mission was partly printed in 

 Purcnas and other collections. He was ambassador 

 to the Ottoman Porte in 1621-28, afterwards repre- 

 sented England in Poland, Denmark, and else- 

 where, and died in 1644. 



Roebuck, JOHN ARTHUR, English politician, 

 was born at Madras in December 1802, but passed 

 his youth in Canada. Coming to England in 1824, 

 he was in 1831 called to the bar at the Inner 

 Temple, and in 1832 elected as a Radical reformer 

 for Bath to the House of Commons. He repre- 

 sented Sheffield from 1849 to 1868, and again from 

 1874 till his death on 30th November 1879. The 

 vigorous nature of his political warfare earned him 

 the popular nickname of ' Tear 'em. ' His greatest 

 political triumph was the moving of a motion for 

 imi uiring into the condition of the army before 

 Sevastopol in January 1855, which he carried by a 

 large majority, causing the fall of the administra- 

 tion of the Earl of Aoerdeen. He was appointed 

 chairman of the committee which conducted the 

 inquiry moved for. During the civil war in Amer- 

 ica he favoured the Confederates. He supported 

 Beaconstield's policy during the Eastern crisis in 

 1877-78, and in 1879 was called to the Privy-council. 

 He wrote The Colonies of England ( 1849), and His- 

 tory of the Whig Ministry of 1830 ( 1852). See his 

 Life and Letters by Leader ( 1897 ). 



Roentgen Rays. See RONTGEN. 



Rocrnioild, an old town in the Dutch province 

 of Limburg, at the junction of the Roer and the 

 Maas (Meuse), 29 miles by rail N. by E. of Maes- 

 tricht. The cathedral (1218) is one of the finest 

 Romanesque churches in the Netherlands. The 

 church or St Christopher contains good painting? 

 by Dutcli masters. Principal industries are weav- 

 ing woollen cloths and cottons and making paper. 

 During the middle ages Roermond was on several 

 occasions besieged and taken ; its walls were de- 

 molished in 1819. Pop. ( 1890) 12,039. 



Roeskildc, a city on the Danish island of 

 Zealand, is situated at the southern end of the 

 Roeskilde Fjord, about 20 miles by rail W. by S. 

 of Copenhagen. In the middle ages this city, 

 founded in 980, was the capital of the Danish kings 

 and the seat of powerful bishops. The cathedral, 

 built in the middle of the 13th century, contains 

 the tombs of most of the kings of Denmark. Here 

 peace was signed between Sweden and Denmark 

 on 8th March 1658. Pop. (1890) 6974. 



Roe-stone, a name locally given to those lime- 

 stones which are formed of small globules like the 

 roe of fishes. It has been translated into the 

 scientific term Oolite (q.v.). 



Rogation Days, the Monday, Tuesday, and 

 Wednesday before Ascension-day, so called because 

 on these days the Litany (q.v.) is appointed to be 

 sung or recited by the clergy and people in public 

 procession. The practice of public supplications on 

 occasion of public danger or calamity is traceable 

 very early in Christian use ; but the fixing of the 

 days before Ascension for the purpose is ascribed 

 to Mamertus, Bishop of Vienne, in the middle of 

 the 5th century. In England the usage dates from 

 perhaps the 7th century; after the Reformation 

 the recitation of the Litany upon these days was 

 discontinued : but a memorial of the old processions 

 long survived in the so-called Perambulation of 

 Parishes. See BOUNDS (BEATING OF THE). 



Roger I., count of Sicily, the youngest of the 

 twelve sons of Tancred de Hauteville of Normandy, 

 was born in that duchy in 1031. When twenty- 



