rsi 



ROCK It II. 



ROGERS 



seven year* of age lie ji>iiu>il his famous brother 

 Robert Cuiscard (n.v.) in South Ititlv; lint at first 

 he seems to have fought against BoMrl more than 

 he helped him. At length they became reconciled. 

 and Roger helped Robert to complete i lie conquest 

 of Calabria. In 1060 Koger wan invited to Sicily 

 to tight against I lie Saracens ; hi' took Messina, 

 and settled a garrison there. Everywhere the 

 Normans were welcomed by the i ini-ti.-m- of 

 Sicily its their deliverers from tin- Moslem yoke, 

 and they won town after town, until in 1071 the 

 Saracen capital, Palermo, was captured. Robert 

 then invested Koger with the rountship of Sicily. 

 Count Roger spent the rest of his life, apart from 

 his numerous expeditious undertaken for the sup- 

 IMIII of his brother, in completing the conquest of 

 Sicily, which was finally effected in 1090. Already 

 as early as 1060 Duke Ko)>eit had given his brother 

 the half of Calabria, with the title of count. After 

 Robert's death t los.'i 1 linger succeeded to his Italian 

 possessions, and became the head of the Norman 

 iKiwer in soutliern Europe. Pope Urban II. granted 

 mm special ecclesiastical priv ilexes, such as the 

 power to appoint the bishops, and made him papal 

 legate of Sicily (1098). Koger died at Mileto, in 

 Calabria, in June 1101. See SICILY. 



Roger II., king of Sicily, the second son of 

 Count Roger I., was born in 1097, and by the 

 death of his elder brother Simon in 1105 became 

 count of Sicily. On the death (1127) of Duke 

 William of Apulia, grandson of Rol>ert Gniscurd, 

 his duchy passed to Roger, who thereupon pro- 

 ceeded to weld together a strong Norman king- 

 dom in Sicily and South Italy ; the Antipope 

 Anaclctus crowned him king of Sicily and Italy 

 in 1130. He next added to his dominions the 

 Norman principality of Capua (1136), the duchy of 

 Naples, and the territories of the Alnu//i (1140). 

 In the year iirior to this last acquisition he 

 managed to take prisoner Pope Innocent II., with 

 whom he concluded an advantageous bargain : 

 Innocent recognised him as king of Sicily, whilst 

 Roger acknowledged Innocent as pope, gave him 

 his liberty, and held his kingdom as a fief of the 

 holy we. The Byzantine emperor Manuel hav- 

 ing insulted Roger's amltassador, Roger's admiral, 



li ;:' of Antioch. ravaged the coasts of Daltnatia 



and Epirus, took Corfu, anil plundered Corinth anil 

 Athens (1146). He carried off silk-workers from 

 the Peloponnesus to Sicily, and so introduced that 

 industry into the kingdom. Roger then crossed 

 the Mediterranean (1147) and won a large province 

 from the Saracens in North Africa Tripolis, Tunis, 

 and Algeria. lli.s court was one of the most 

 magniliccn! in Europe; he was tolerant to all the 

 creeds of the various peoples under his rule ; his 

 government was firm and enlightened ; his name a 

 terror to both Greeks and Moslems. Koger died 

 in February 1154, leaving his throne to his incap- 

 able son \\ illiam. See SICILY. 



Roger of Wrndover (d. 1236), Benedictine 

 prior of St Albans, completed the work of Matthew 

 Paris (q.v.). 



Rogers. IlKXRY, l>orn October 18, 1806, and 

 educated at Highbury College, became aCongrega- 

 tioimlist preacher, and was snccc^ivelv professor 

 of English at t'niver>itv College, London, and of 



tionalist preacher, and was successively professor 

 of English at l'niver>itv College, London, and of 



1'hilosopliy at Spring- Mill Independent College, 

 Birmingham, and princi|uil of the l.am a-hiie In- 



dependent College, Manchester. He contributed 

 a long scries of admirable critical and biographical 

 articles to the BtfutfodvA Review, He died in 

 North Wales, August 20, 1877. A selection of 

 these articles was reptiblished (3 vols. 1850-65). 



Other book* were a Life of John Howe (1836); The 

 Kelt/or of Faith ( 1RS2). an admirable picoe of argument, 

 and it* Defence (1854), in reply to K. W. Newman; 



fuay m Tkoaua Fuller (1856); Selection* from On 

 Corretpondritee of R. K. H. (jretiton [anagram of hit 

 name] (2 vols. 1857); and The Superhuman Oriitin of 

 thr Bible. Coiigregationalut Lecture* (1873). 



Rogers, .1 \.MI-.S KnwiN TIIOKOLD, economist, 

 was born at the village of West Meon, llamp>liirc, 

 in 1823, and educated at King's College, London, 

 and Magdalen Hall, Oxford, giadnating \\ith a 

 lirxt-class in 1846. At first an ardent Piiscyjte, 

 he took orders, but soon returned to Oxford and 

 became a successful 'coach,' and renor.nced his 

 orders formally, together with Dr Congre\i' and 

 Leslie Stephen, after the Clerical Disabilities .\,-t 

 of 1870. In 1862 he was elected professor of 

 Political Economy, but made so many enemies by 

 his outs]>ken xeal for refonn- that he \va.~ no- 

 i 'leeted in 1868, nor until the death of llonamy 

 Price in 1888. An advanced l.ibeial in politics he 

 represented Southwnrk, 1880-85, and Bermondscv, 

 1885-86. He died Octnler 12, 1890. His great. -t 

 work is his painful and lalMirious History of Ani i- 

 riiflnre and Prices in Kiitjland (6 vols. 1866-88), 

 and its abridgment, Six Centuries of Wurk and 

 II n<fft (1885). Besides these he wrote a study on 

 Cobden (1873), edited the Speeches (1868) and 

 Public Addresses of Bright (1879), the Wealth of 

 A HI ions (2 vols. 1880), and the Collection of Pro- 

 tests of the Lords [1624-1874] (3 vols. 1875). 



Other bonks are Education in Oxford ( 1861 ) ; Hit- 

 tnrieal Gleaning! (2 series, 1869-70); The Fint Nine 

 Yean of the Bank of Knytand (1887); The Economic 

 Interpretation of Hittory ( 1C88 ) ; and, ed. by his son, The 

 Industrial and Commei-cial History of England (1892). 



Rogers. JOHN, the first of the Marian martyrs, 

 was born near Birmingham in 1505, graduated in 

 1525 from Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, was a 

 London rector (1532-34), and then lived for some 

 years abroad, at Antwerp and Wittenlierg, where 

 lie embraced the Reformed doctrines. He prepared 

 a revised translation of the Bible (q.v., p. 127), 

 which was published as ' Matthew's Bible ' in 1537, 

 and, returning to England in 1548, preached at St 

 Paul's Cross in 1553, just after Queen Mary's 

 aecession, against Romanism. After a long im- 

 prisonment he was tried as a heretic, and burned at 

 Sinithfield on 4th February 1555. See his Life by 

 Colonel J. L. Chester ( 1861). 



Rogers, SAMUEL, the poet, was born at the 

 suburban village of Stoke-Newington on 30th July 

 I To.'!, the third son in a family of nine. His father. 

 a City banker, was a Whig and dissenter, a member 

 of the congregation of Dr Price (q.v.) ; his mother, 

 Mary Kadford, was the great-granddaughter of 

 Philip Henry. After a private education, at sixteen 

 or seventeen he entered the bank, in 17*4 was 

 taken into partnership, and on his father's death in 

 1793 became head of the firm. His taste for litera- 

 ture and for the company of literary men awoke 

 at an early period, and one day with a friend he 

 had gone to call upon Dr Johnson at his house in 

 Bolt Court, but his courage failed him when his 

 hand was on the knocker. In 1781 he contributed 

 eight short essays to the Gentlruinii's IfafOUHt; 

 ii'-\i v IT \\rote a comic opera, containing a scoie 

 of songs; and in 17S6 (the year of Burns'* lii-t 

 volume) published An Ode to Sii]i>-i:\tiliiiii. inlh 

 same other J'orms. In 1792 appeared '/'Ac /'/. .wii-v 

 of Memory, on which his poetical fame was chiellv 

 based, and which in 1816 reached a nineteenth 

 edition (more than 23,000 copies). There followed, 

 'written with laborious slowness,' An Epistle ton 

 Frirnd (Richard Sharp, 1798), the fragmentary 

 VoyartcofColnmbns( 1812), Jarquetinf (1814, Ixiunil 

 up With Byron's Lara), and the ' inimitable ' Italy 

 (1822-28). The last, in blank verse, proved a 

 monetary failure; but the loss was recouped by 

 the splendid edition of it and his earlier poem*. 



