yea 



ROLLESTON 



ROMAN AKc IIITKi TTRE 



woody liiiuiit- in May. The next, which is made 

 in a hollow tree or wall, is built <>i a few chips, or 

 of root*, grass, feathers, anil hair, according to 

 circumstances. The egg" ll "' five or six in number 

 uii.l are of a glossy white colour. The food consists 

 of beetles ami other insects captured on the ground. 

 The name ' Koller ' is given to the bird on account 

 of its varied and unsteady flight and the habit the 

 male has, during the breeding season, of indulging 

 in extraordinary tumbling untie.*, and turning 

 somersaults in tfie air. 



Knllrsloil. (IKOKUK, was lx>rn at Mult by in 

 Yorkshire, July 30, 1829. He had his schooling at 



< ;ainsl>orough and Sheffield, next entered IVm- 

 broke College, Oxford, took a classical first-class 

 in 1850, and was elected Fellow of his college the 

 next year. He studied at St Bartholomew's Hos- 

 pital, and was appointed in Is.V. a physician to the 

 British Civil Hospital at Smyrna. Returning to 

 England in 1867, he was made physician to the 

 Radclifle Inl'mnary at Oxford, and somewhat later 

 Lee's reader in Anatomy. In I860 he was appointed 

 Linacre professor of Anatomy an<l Physiology, 

 became F. R.S. in 18C2, Fellow of Merlon" College 

 in 1872, and died June 9, 1881. His forms of 

 Animal Life (1870) gave him a high reputation, 

 confirmed by bis valuable dissertation on craniology 

 in Greenwell's British Barrows (1877). See Life 

 prefixed to his Scientific Papers and Addresses (ed. 

 Turner and Tylor, '2 vols. 1884). 



Kolliad, the name, derived from Lord Rolle 



< 1750-1842), a staunch supporter of I'itt. for a 

 series of Whig satires by I Icorge 1. His and others, 

 directed mainly against I'itt and Dundas. 



Rollill.CiiAKl.Ks. Ixirnat 1'ai is, January 30, 1661, 

 studied at the College du Plexsis, and iHH-ame pro- 

 f.--sor there, next at Paris, and was chosen rector 

 if the university of Paris in 1694. In 1699 he was 

 Appointed coadjutor to the principal of the College 

 of Beauvais, but was ejected from tins situation 

 twelve years later owing to bis Jansenistic sym- 

 pathies. He was re-elected rector of the university 

 in 17->0, and died September 14, 1741. His Traitf 

 ties f'tmtes (4 vols. 1726-31) has been pronounced 

 by Villemain 'a monument of good sense and 

 taste;' his Histoire Aurienne (13 vols. 1730-38), 

 l>iii'_' popular and much translated, is feeble in its 

 philosophy, jejune in its criticism, and often inac- 

 curate in its facts. Yet it has opened the study 

 of ancient history to many men since the young 

 prince Frederick the Great. His Histoire Romnin,- 

 (16 vols. 1738-48) was a much inferior work, long 

 iince deservedly forgotten. 



Rollin, LEDRU. See LEDRU ROLLIN. 



Hollo. See NORTHMEN, NORMANDY. 



Rolls. MASTKK UK TIIK, was formerly the chief 

 of the twelve Masters in Chancery, entrusted with 

 the care of grants passed under the great seal, and 

 of all the records of the Chancery ; Tie also sat on 

 the equity side of the court as an independent 

 though KiilMinlinate judge; doubts having been 

 i-.-ii-.ed as to bis jurisdiction, his powers were con- 

 tinued by act of parliament in 1730. The official 

 i <-.idence of the Matter of the Rolls in Chancery 

 Lane, with the chapel, &c. thereto attached, form 

 the l.ilM-rty of the Rolls. The Master of the Rolls 

 was formerly permitted to sit in the House of 

 Commons, and this usage was defended in a well- 

 known s|>eech by Macaulay. By the Judicature 

 Act of 1873 the- Mazier of ihe Rolls was excluded 

 from the House of Commons ; he has since been 

 transferred, by an art passed in 1881, to the Court 

 of A]>|M-al. but I ontinues to perform adminis- 

 trative duties OH bead of the Record Office. For 

 tin- Rolls Seric-. ., KnoltDS, 



Itoinaiflia. formerly the name of a region ol 

 Italy, forming the, northern portion of the states ol 



the Church (q.v. ), and comprising the delegation* 

 of Bologna, Ravenna, Ferrara, and ForlL These 

 Ideations In-calm- in 1H01 distinct provinces of 

 the kingdom of Italy. 



Romaic, a term for the popular Greek dialect 



lc\i-lopcd IM-IOIC the fall of the lly/antinc empire, 

 essentially similar to the modern Greek tongue as 

 now spoken. The first who wrote in this popular 

 tongue is believed to have been a monk Prodromus 

 in the 12th century. Those who clung to the old 

 Attic which still 'maintained an artificial exist- 

 ence called themselves Hellenes ; the party of the 

 popular s|>eech were called Romaioi, from Kea 

 Rome ( ' new Kome'), the new name for the Oftpita] 

 of the eastern empire. See GREECE, VoL \. p. 

 392. 



Roiiinine. WILLIAM, evangelical divine, was 

 born at Hartlepool, Durham, Scptemlier 25, 1714, 

 and was educated at Hertford College and Christ 

 Church, Oxford. He held curacies at Lew Trench- 

 ard, Devon ; Banstead and Horton, Middlesex ; 

 was lecturer of St George's, Botolph Lane, and St 

 Botolph's, Billingsgate, and of St DoMtaaViB- 

 the- West from 1749 till his death. He was also 



preacher at St Bartholomew the Great, Smithfiela, 

 1759. In 1764 he was chosen rector of St Andrew 

 Wardrobe and St Ann's, Blackfriars, and though 

 the election was disputed it was confirmed by the 

 Court of Chancery in 1766, and he held the living 

 till bis death, July 26, 1795. Romaine was a bul- 

 wark of Evangelicalism in his day, though himself 

 infected with the taint of Hutchinsonianisni. He 

 assailed, not without credit, Warburton's /'/ 

 Legation of Af oses ; published commentaries, many 

 sermons, and three books of edification that enjoyed 

 for three generations a remarkable popularity : 

 The Life of Faith (1763), The Walk of Faith, 

 (1771), and The Triumph of Faith (17114). There 

 is a complete edition of bis works, with a Life by 

 the Hon. and Rev. W. B. Cadogan (8 vols. 1796). 



Roman Architecture. Of the early archi- 

 tecture of Rome and the other Latin cities com- 

 paratively little is known ; the remains of early 

 Italian architecture consist of a few arches and 

 sepulchral monuments. With the conquest of 

 Carthage, Greece, and Egypt the Romans liecame 

 acquainted with the arts of those countries, and by 

 decrees endeavoured to use them for the embellish 

 nient of the imperial city. Besides, Home under 

 the empire was the capital of the world, and 

 attracted artists from every country. The result 

 was that the architecture of Home Wame a mixed 

 style. It wius largely imported, and partook of the 

 character of the importers. The great interest ..I 

 Roman architecture is that it is a mixture and 

 amalgamation of ancient styles, and the starting 

 iMiint for modern styles. It is thus the connecting- 

 link iM'tween ancient and modern art; the whole 

 history of lioman architecture being that of a tran- 

 sition,' slow but steady, from the external architcc. 

 tine of the Greek temple to the internal architecture 

 of the basilica. Rome borrowed from Greece the 

 oblong peristylar temple, with its horizontal co li- 

 st ruction and' decoration, and the various 'orders.' 



See CiiLfMN, GliKEK A l!< IHlKrl TliK. From the 

 Etruscans probably were derived the circular form 

 of temple and the circular arch, which be. 

 leading features in the development of the future 

 Roman style. The peripteral form of the (neck 

 temple, however, was seldom followed by I he 

 Romans, who preferred to adhere to the early 

 Italian form of columns attached to the walls of the 

 cella. 

 The Orders imported from Greece were the Doric, 



