770 ROMAN ARCHITECTURE 



ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH 



raried public works are their many aqueducts 

 and bridge*, triumphal arches, pillars of victor}', 

 and tombs. See AQUEDUCT, and ARCH (TRI- 

 UMPHAL). Of the tombs of the Romans the earliest 

 and beat specimen is that of Circilia Metella ( wife 

 of CraiwuB)on the Appiiin Way (tig. 4). It con- 

 state (like most Roman toml) of a round drum 



Fig. 4. Tomb of Co-cilia Metella. 



placed on a square basement, and was probably 

 surmounted by a conicul ronf. The tomb of 

 Augustus was similar, on a very large scale, and 

 tin- sloping roof was broken into terraces planted 

 with trees. That of Adrian (now the castle of St. 

 Angelo in Rome) is another enormous example. 

 The tomb" were ^cnerallv ranged along the ways 

 leading to the gates of cities. 



The later tombs of Rome are well worthy of 

 study, as they contain many specimens of the 

 transition towards the Christian style. They are 

 yeneraUy vaulted, frei|iieiitly with domes, as, for 

 instance, the tomhaof Si Helena and Sta Costanza. 

 Fergusson also places the so-called ' Temple of 

 Miuerva Medica ' (lig. 5) amongst the tombs. It 



Kit;, fi. - I'lan of the Temple of Minerva Medica at Borne. 



is a beautifully arranged building with ten sides, 

 all containing deep nichi-s (except the side with 

 tin- door), surmounted by a clerestory, with ten 

 well-pro|xirtioniMl windows. The vault is |Hilyg- 

 onal inside and outside; and the pendentiv <-, 

 rilis, buttresses, &<., which played so important a 

 part in the Cliri-ti.-in nn-hiteetnre both of the East 

 and WeM, are distinctly used in its const ruction. 

 Of tin- dimiestif architecture of the Romans we 



C..|.ir!hi 1M1. It*;, aud 

 1MO ID Uw I'.S. br 1. K. 

 Upplooou Oomp.0,. 



have many wonderfully preserved specimens in 

 lleiciilancum ami I'umpcii, showing lx>th the 

 arrangements anil deconitions of the dwelling 

 all classes. Of the great palaces and villas, how 



ever, none remain except tin- pnla I Hinelctiiin, at 



Bpalato, in Dalmatia an ini|M>rtant building, which 

 shows many steps in the progress of the style. 



See, beside* the Handbooks of architecture, R. 

 Adam, Ruin* of the falaee of Diocletian (1764) ; 

 Taylor and Creasy, Arrhitrctural Anti'ft" 

 Home (1821 ; new ed. 1H74); Freeman, Hittoriral 

 and Archittrlaral Stttr/iet (1H76); T. O. Jack- 

 son, Jifilmatia, the Quarnero, and Jttria (3 voU. 



vest}. 



Roman < allutlir 4 liurrli. Cardinal 

 Hellarmine. in his />< /.'/. mi/it., chap. 2, 

 dclines the ' church mili- 

 tant ' thus : 'An a em- 

 bly of men united by 

 the profession of the same Christian faith, 

 and by the communion of the same sacra- 

 ments, under the rule of legitimate pastors, 

 ami especially of the one vicar of Cnrist on 

 earth, the Roman pontiff.' It i- evident 

 that this is really a definition of the K.im.m 

 Catholic Churcfi. The truth is that the 

 Roman Catholic Church claims exclusive 

 right to the title of Church of Christ on 

 earth, and declares that 'outside of her fold 

 there is no salvation.' Thi- claim of the 

 Church of Rome to be the exclusive means 

 of salvation has been much misunderstood, 

 and calls for some words of explanation. 

 As we intend to remove a misconception. 

 we explain (irst what the claim does not mean. 1 1 

 does not mean that none but Roman Catholic- 

 are in the way of salvation. This is sulliciently 

 clear from the Encyclical letters ( ' Quanto con- 

 ficiamur') of Pope Pius IX., dated August Id, 

 1803. 'It is well known.' writes His Holiness, 

 ' that those who labour under an invincible ignor- 

 ance concerning our most holy religion, and 

 who at the same time sedulously observing the 

 natural law and the precepts thereof, which are 

 inscribed by God on the hearts of all, are ready 

 to obey God, can, the virtue of divine light 

 and grace working within them, attain to eternal 

 life.' It is not then the teaching of the Roman 

 Church that none but Roman Catholics are saved. 

 The sense of the axiom 'outside the Church of 

 Rome there is no salvation,' as understood by 

 Roman Catholic theologians, is that, whereas Christ 

 came on earth to establish a church which was to 

 be the divinely appointed means for the salvation 

 of all men, the Itoman Catholic Church is that 

 church. Further light may be cast on the sense of 

 this axiom by considering the distinction made by 

 Roman Catholic theologians between the body of 

 the church and the soul of the church. Ity the 

 Ixxly of the church they understand the church 

 considered as a visible and external society. By 

 the soul of the church they understand the super- 

 natural life of the members of tl hiireh that is 



to say, sanctifying grace. Whoever, then, is in 

 the state of grace belongs to the soul of the church. 

 Whoever is not in the state of grace, even though 

 he belong to the visible and external organisation or 

 body of the church, does not belong to the soul of the 

 church. Now the axiom 'outside the church there 

 is no salvation' has reference primarily to the soul 

 of the church. Thus, then, according to Roman 

 ( 'atholic doctrine, the non-Catholic who dies in (In- 

 state of grace is saved. The Catholic who dies out 

 of the state of grace is lost. 



In the symlxjl commonly known as the Nirene 

 Creed, faith is expressed in 'one, holy, Catholic, 

 and Apostolic Church.' Christian antiquity then 

 regarded unity, sanctity, catholicity, and aiwto- 



