77S 



lid MANES 



ROMANS 



enipemr at Home by Pope Leo III. in 800. Hut 



the iv.-onstituted empire fell again into fragments 

 ami chaos, till i'ilm tin- Great succeeded in mak- 

 ing a great monarchy again, and was crowned 

 eni|>eror l>y Pope John All. at Rome in 902. 

 Thenceforward for more tlmn eight centuries there 

 was an unhroken succession of German princes 

 claiming and in a measure exorcising the powers 

 and privilege* of Roman eni|>erors. The namr nf 

 'Roman emperor' was caieiully retained; 'Holy' 

 was added to signify that the empire was now 

 Christian: and ' i tin- Ccrman nation ' was some- 

 times apjH-ndcd to indicate the new nationality 

 that dominated over tln> old imperial realms. The 

 emperor was tin- olliciul beau of the Christian 

 world, the temporal colleague and rival of the 

 pope. The new German empire (since 1S7I i calls 

 itself simply German, and has dropped all claim to 

 be either 'Roman' or 'Holy.' See GERMANY. 

 Vol. V. p. 180; CHURCH HISTORY; and Bryce's 

 great monograph, The Holy Roman Empire (new 

 ed. 1889). 



Romanes. GEORGE JOHN, naturalist, was born 

 at Kingston, Canada, on 20th May 1848, and after a 

 private education in London and on the Continent 

 entered Caius College, Cambridge, ami graduated 

 in 1870 with natural science honours. While still 

 at tin- university he formed a friendship with 

 Darwin, and he has powerfully reinforced his 

 master's arguments in hU Croonian, Fnllerian, and 

 other lectures, and in his various works Animal 

 Iiite/ligente ( 1881 ) ; Scientific Evidences of Organic 

 Ernluii<in (1881); Mented Evolution in Animals 

 ( 1883 ) ; Jelly-fish, Star-fish, and Sea-urcluns ( 1885 ) ; 

 Mental Evolution in Man (1888); Daru-in and 

 after Darwin (1892); Examination of HY/.v;i///.yi 

 ( 1893 ; see WEISHAXN). This most fertile Knglish 

 writer on the theories and philosophy of modern 

 biology died 23d May 1894. His posthumous 

 Thoughts on Religion, edited by Canon Gore, 

 allowed that, once a defiant agnostic, he had become 

 Almost, if not altogether, a Christian; and in this 

 spirit be had before his death revised his Candid 

 KeammaHem <>f Theisni (1878). He was F.R.S. 

 ami I.L.I). See his Lift and Letters by his wif 

 ( 1896), and his Poems ( 1896). 



Romanesque Architecture, the debased 

 style which succeeded Roman architecture from 

 about the time of Constantino (350 A.D.) till the 

 revival in the llth century. Roman Architecture 

 (q.v.), itself a transitional style, fades gradually 

 into the Romanesque. When ( 'onstantine gave the 

 Christians freedom of worship. In? gave architecture 

 a new start; and noble buildings resembling tin- 

 Roman Basilica (q.v.) were built as churches all 

 over the empire. These consisted of three- or 

 live-aisled halls the aisles separated by rows 

 of columns. In Rome the columns, entablatures, 

 and other ornaments were' fivi|iii-ntly taken from 

 the ruins of ancient buildings which altounded 

 there. The new style is i lien-fore closely allied to 

 I In- ancient one in the imperial city ; lint in liavenna, 

 Jerusalem, Provence, and the remoter di-tricts. 

 where few ancient remains existed, a simpler and 

 ruder copy of the ancient work is found. I'ln-ie i- 

 n I ways, however, a certain resemblance to the old 

 forms which distinguishes the Romanesque from 

 the round-arched < lot hie which succeedi-d it. The 

 pi"i- along the aisles are always single columns, 

 generally with caps intended to ! Corinthian, 

 and wide, archm ; the aisles are wide, with open 

 wooden roof: and there are remnants of entah 

 Inline.,, mouldings, \T. , which recall tin- ancient 

 Komaii work. The early Christians also dciivcd 

 their round churches from the Romans. They were 

 probably originally tombs, copied from -neb build 

 Vigs ai- the Minerva Medica (see ROMAN ARCHI- 



TECTURE), and were the most sacred places, whero 

 the burial service was said, and the sacraments 

 administered. Hence they afterwards Ix-came 

 Baptisteries (q.v.), and were finally al.-orU-d into 

 the church (see RIIKMSH AuriiiTECTTRE), which 

 then contained within itself everything connected 

 with the Christian service. 



In Rome there an' still some thirty basilicas, and 

 ill' l;<.manc~i|iic style may lie said never to have 

 died out there. As we 

 recede from the centre 

 we find its influence 

 gradually weaken, and 

 succumb to the North- 

 ern ( iothic style. Thus, 

 in Lomliardy ami Pro- 

 vence it was super- 

 seded by the Lombard 

 (q.v.) and Romance 

 styles in the llth and 

 12th centuries; while 

 in Byzantium and the 

 East it gave way to 

 the Byzantine style 

 ; liout the time of Jus- 

 tinian. Amongst the 

 finest examples remain- 

 ing are St Paul's (see 

 P.ASII.ICA) and Sta 

 Maria Maggiore at 



Romanesque Interior. 



Rome, and at Ravenna St Apollinare ; the interi( 

 decoration of which last (see fig.) is very beautiful. 

 The mosaics of the apse, the painted wall-, and tho 

 inlaid pavements of the Romanesque churches aie 

 amongst their finest features. In colour they 

 always excel. 



In Tuscany there is a late form of Romanesque 

 of which the cathedrals at Pisa and Lucca, Sa/ 

 Miniaio at Florence, and many churches in thos* 

 cities are examples. They are intermediate speci 

 metis, built during the llth century, when thecititi. 

 became prosperous, and have a certain amount c.f 

 (iothic feeling; but, although beautiful in coloured 

 decoration, they have not the simple grandeur i, I 

 the early basilicas; and, although more decorate il 

 externally than these, they have not the bold and 

 purpose-like appearance of Gothic elevations. 



See, besides the standard works on architecture, Okli y, 

 Christian Architecture in Italu (1860); Fr,. HI.IH. no- 

 tarial and Architectural Sketches (1876); and The 

 Architecture of Prorence and Uie Riviera (1888), by the 

 present writer, D. MacGibbon. 



Romania. ( ' ) the name given by the Vene- 

 tians t,, ih,. eastern part of the Morea, whence the 

 capital was called Napoli di Romania (see N u r 

 I.IA i. (2) Ronmidia (q.v.) was sometimes called 

 Romania. 



Roman Law. See LAW, CODE, JUSTINIAN. 



I : < > 1 1 1 ; i M o . < i LIO. See G I u uo. 



Romanoff, HOUSE OF. See RUSSIA. 



Romans, a town of France (dept. Drome), 

 stands on the right bank of the Isere, 12 miles 

 by rail NK. of Valence. A bridge of the 9th 

 century connects it with Peage on the left bunk. 

 Romans owes it- origin to an abbey, founded in 

 837 by St Bernard, Bishop of Vienne. ' Silk fabrics, 

 shoes, and hate are manufactured. Pop. (1878) 

 : (1886) 12,822; (1891) U.T'-li. 



Romans. TIIK EPISTLE TO TIIK. described by 

 Luther as an absolutely perfect summary of the 

 gospel (iilnailntimtiiiia tfUamt < i-mii/i'/ii ), w.-i_s written 

 by the apostle Paul (q.v.) in late winter or early 

 sjiring of .".s :,!i A.D., at Corinth, while he was 

 living in tin- house of Gains, and ju-t before his 

 setting out for .ludea with the money that had 

 Keen collected at his instance in Macedonia and 

 Achaia for the poor of Jerusalem. Apart from 



