KOMK 



in the couth the Arch of Titus (gee ARCH). So 

 much of the open Hpace of the Koruni liei-amc 

 occupied by great put die monuments ami edifices 

 that in the time of the eni|>eror8 additional fora 

 were required. These were erected on the eastern 

 side of the Forum Komaniini. Of the Forum 

 liiliiini only three arches of the outer wall remain. 

 Of tin- Forum of Augustus a |>rtion of the enclos- 

 ing wall, a massive archway, ami three columns of 

 the Temple of Mare U I tor. whirh st<MMl within the 

 Fiirum, now cleared of ruhliish, are among the most 

 imposing and accessible remains of the architect me 

 of the early empire. Of the Forum of Nerva 

 two columns may be seen in the Via della ('nice 



Bianca. Of the Forum Pacis, built by Vespasian, 

 nothiugremains except one massive fragment of a 

 vail. The most magnificent of the imperial fora 

 was the Forum of Trajan, which was reckoned one 

 of the wonders of the world. Within its walls 

 stood the Basilica Ulpia, which has been partly 

 excavated, so as to expose the bases of many of 

 the columns. 



Beyond it stands the great Column of Trajan, 

 l-'l feet in height, with spiral luis-reliefs represent- 

 ing scenes from Trajan H campaigns against the 

 Dacians, forming the most instructive historical 

 monument in Rome. \Ve are shown the march 

 of a Unman army, the construction of bridges, 

 assaults on forts, and all the varied incidents of a 

 -ampnign, constituting a pictorial record contain- 

 ing some 2500 figures of men and homes, which 

 may compare with the Bayeux tapestry, or the 

 pictorial narratives of Egyptian campaign* which 

 are represented on the wall* of TbcwtO temples. 

 In the same style, but of inlcrii.r art. is the ( 'olumn 

 f Marcus Aureliu- in the Piazza Colonnaon the 

 Corso, usually callcil the Antonine Column. It 

 hcai- reliefs representing scenes in the wars with 

 i lie Marconiauni. 



On the western side of tin- Forum Romanum 

 rises the Palatine Hill, its summit covered with the 

 substructures of the Palaces of the Emperors, the 

 House, of Augustus, of Tiberius, of l,ivia, of 

 Caligula, of Domitian, and of Hadrian. Most 

 magnificent of all is the Septizonium or Palace 

 of SeptimiiiM Severus, rising in seven stages of 

 massive masonry, which form a southern exten- 

 sion of the Palatine Hill. Beside* tliese imperial 

 palaces, the Palatine included a magnificent 



Stadium the most ]K'rfect in existence, imperial 

 reception-halls, several temples, with gardens, 

 liatlis, luirracks for soldieis, and a basilica or hall 

 of justice, in which St Paul must have pleaded 

 liefore the emperor. The Coldcn House of V 

 built on the op|Misite side of the Forum, and occu- 

 jixing the greater portion of the Oppjan Hill, was 

 demolished' to make room for the Colosseum anil 

 the Baths of Titus, so thai juact it-ally nothing i 

 lilt save some substructures, the cisierns known as 

 the Sctte Sale. and the base of tlie colossal statue 

 of Nero, wliich slotMl in front of the (Jolden House. 

 Of the numerous temples in Rome, of which there 

 are said to have been three bundled, the nann-. 

 ami in many cases the sites, <>i 

 !.">:! are known. The foundations 

 of the great Temple of Jupiter 

 Capitolinus may l>e traced in the 

 gardens of the Catliirelli Palace, 

 now the Cerman embassy. Of 

 the temples which remain the 

 preservation is due in several 

 cases to their having been con- 

 verted into churches. The 

 columns in front of the church 

 of S. Lorenzo in Miranda, which 

 faces the Forum, formed part of 

 the Temple of Antoninus and 

 Faustina. Ten columns of the 

 Temple of Ceres are built into 

 the walls of S. Maria in Cos- 

 medin. S. Maria del Sole is a 

 round temple formerly called the 

 Temple of Vesta,' but now 

 believed to be the Temple of 

 Hercules Victor. Another 

 temple, supposed to be the Temple 

 of Fortuna Virilis, is now the 

 church of S. Maria Egiziaca. 

 The church of SS. Cosmo e 

 Damiani) is the Temple of Sacra 

 t'rlis, erected by the Kniperor 

 Maxenlius. The rrlla of the 

 Temple of Venus and Rome, built by Hadrian, is 

 preserved in the church of S. Frmicc.ca Uomana. 

 It is Iwlievcd that the church of SS. Sergio e 

 Bacco was the Temple of Concord, that the church 

 of S. Stefano Hotondo was the Temple of Mater 

 Manila, and that of S. Nicola was the Temple of 

 Piety ; while Santa Maria supra Minerva stands on 

 the ruins of a Tempje of Minerva, S. Maria Libera- 

 trice probably occupies the site of a Temple of Vesta, 

 and the round church of S. Teodoro was a temple 

 of unknown attribution. In 27 B.C. Agrippa built 



imi- wliich 



a vast dome in front of the Tlierimi- 



he 



erected in the Campus Martins. It is called by 

 Pliny and other writers the Pantheon, and may 

 have served as a sort of entrance-hall to the 

 Thermae. In 608 it was consecrated as the church 

 of S. Maria ad Mai tyres, ami now goes by the 

 name of S. Maria Rotonda. Of all the buildings 

 of ancient Rome none is more perfectly preserved. 

 The diameter of the dome, which is lighted only 

 by a central aperture in the roof, is larger than the 

 dome of St Peter's ; the walls, 19 feet in thickness, 

 have deep niches which were tilled with statues of 

 deities ; and the floor is of Phrygian and Niimidian 

 marbles, with porphyry and granite slain. 



The Thernue of Agrippa, of which the Pantheon 

 is the only |Kirtion that remains, were the earliest 

 of the eleven great public baths which formed so 

 characteristic a feature of imperial Rome. The 

 Thermic of Trajan, and the adjacent Thermic ol 

 Titus, built on the site of the Golden House of 

 Nero, occupied almost the whole of the Oppian 

 Hill; but of these baths little is left save the 

 foundations. On the slope of the Quirinal stood 

 the Tin i in. e of Constnntine. In the Piazza del 



