1JOMK 



I iy the. (iiu-tani family. It is a cylindrical lilock 

 of masonry, 05 feet in diameter, resembling the 

 keep of a feudal castle. Another remarkable 

 tomb i> the Pyramid of Cains Cesttus in the Via 

 Ostieiisi*. The most magnificent of Roman tombs 

 was tlie Mausoleum of Hadrian, now the castle of 

 8. Angela It was a cylindrical tower of masonry, 

 240 feet in diameter and 105 feet in height, sur- 

 mounted liy a colossal statue of the emperor. 

 When the Goths Iwsieged Rome the tomb was 

 eonverted into a fortress by Helisarius. It after- 

 wards liecame the castle of the popes, and citadel 

 of Home, and in 1527 was defended against the 

 I'l'-ni-h by Benvenuto Cellini. Of similar con- 

 struction and hardly inferior in magnitude was 

 the Mausoleum of Augustus, which stood behind 

 the great church of S. Carlo al Corso. In the 

 middle ages it formed the castle of the Colonna 

 family, and is now occupied as the Teatro 

 Corea. Two obelisks of Egyptian granite faced 

 the entrance, one of which now stands in the 

 Piazza of S. Maria Maggiore, and the other fronts 

 the Palace of the Quirinal. In all there are eleven 

 Egyptian obelisks which ornament the gardens 

 and piazzas of Rome. Two stand near the I 'an 

 theon close to the sites of the Temples of Isls and 

 Serapis, before which they were originally erected. 

 Another, now in the Piazza del Popolo, was brought 

 from Heliopolis by Augustus, and placed in the 

 Circus Maximus. That in the Piazza di Monte 

 Citorip was also brought to Rome by Augustus. 

 That in the Piazza of S. John Late, ran, 104 feet in 

 height, is the largest in existence. It was erected 

 at Thebes by Thothmes III., and removed by 

 Constantiue to the Circus Maximus. The obelisk 

 in the Piazza di S. Pietro was brought from Helio- 

 polis by Caligula, and placed in the Circus of Nero, 

 near its present site. On tin 1 I'incian is an olielisk 

 of Hadrian ; and there is another in the gardens of 

 the Villa Mattel 



Of the triumphal arches those of Augustus, 

 Tilierius, Claudius, Marcus Aurelius, and Trajan 

 have disappeared. The Arch of Septimius Severus, 

 which spanned the Sacred Way just as it began 

 to climb the Capitol, remains in a fair state of 

 preservation. At the other end of the Forum, 

 also spanning the Sacred Way, is the Arch of 

 Tims, with the well-known reliefs representing' 

 tin- spoils from the Temple at .Jerusalem I see Alien i. 

 A little farther south, where the Sacred Way joins 

 the Appian Road, stands the Arch of Constantine, 

 fronting the Colosseum and the three huge arches 

 of the Constantine Basilica. The so-called Arch 

 of Drusus crosses the Amiian Way where it pas-.es 

 through the Aurelian Wall. The Arch of Dola- 

 bella, liuilt in 10 A.D., is almost hidden in the 

 brickwork of the Aqueduct of Nero, called the 

 Aqua Claudia: ami tlie Arch of (iallienus on the 

 K.siiuiline, erected in 202 A. D., is in the degraded 

 style of the time. See Altm (TRIUMPHAL). 



'of the twelve bridges over the Tilier three are 

 survivals of the eight or nine ancient bridges. 

 Tin- oldest is the I 'oils l-'abricius, liuilt in <i2 

 li.r. by I.. Kabiicins, leading from the city to 

 the island in the Tilier. The \'n- Cestius. believed 

 to have been built by the Kni|ieror (ir.-itian, leads 

 from the island to the li^-lit bank of the river. The 

 1'oiis .Kliiis, now called tin- Ponte S. Angelo, was 

 built by Hadrian in 135 A. D. in from of his \l , , 

 Holeuni, and now serve* aa the approach to St 

 Peter's and the Vatican. The Ponte Rotto, or 

 'broken bridge,' wag part of the Pons ./fiiiiilius, 

 built in 181 B.C. Two picturesque arches remained 

 till the recent ' improvements.' It is now replaced 

 by a HuxpetiHJon bridge. The Ponte Sisto was built 

 by Pope Sixtus IV. to replace the Pons Aurelins. 



Modem Knmt.--\\. is inpOMfbU within mod<-iate 

 limits to give an adequate account of Koine, which 



contains more objects of interest than any other 

 city in the world. A bare enumeration of facts 

 must then-fore suffice. The Observatory in the 

 Collegio Romano U situated in 41 53' 52* N. hit. 

 ami 12 28' 40" E. long. The population was J-Jfi.O'.fi! 

 in 1870; 272,56(1 in |s7ii : :((Ki,lii7 in issi : 401,044 

 in 1H88; and 407,936 in 1891. The walls, which 

 enclose 3880 acres, are 14 miles in circuit, with 

 fifteen gates, two of which arc dosed. sim-e is7<i 



more than 3<HX) new houses have 1 n Iniilt, S'2 



miles of new streets have lieen forme<l, and flj 

 millions sterling have been spent by ihe munici- 

 pality on the improvement of the cit\. Ilmint; the 

 progress of these improvements IS'.'l \\\-> -ripiions, 

 J.".oO lamps. 191 marble statues, -.'lih Lusts, and 

 | 36,079 coins have been found. There are twelve 

 bridges, live of which are old, ami the rest com 

 paratively new The chief gates are the Porta del 

 Popolo and the Porta Pia on the north, the Porta 

 S. Lorenzo and the Porta Maggiore on the east, the 

 Porta S. Sebastiano and tin' Point S. Paolo on tin- 

 smith. Old Home stands on the left bank of the 

 Tiber; on the right bank, occupying the Vatican 

 and Janiciiluni hills and the low ground between 

 these hills and the river, are St Peter's, the Vatican 

 Palace, the Borgo, and the Trastevere. The business 

 part of the city occupies the plain on tlie left bank 

 between the hills and the nver, traversed by the 

 Corso, the principal thoroughfare of Rome, about a 

 mile in length, leading from the Porta del Popolo 

 to the foot of the Capitoline Hill. Kroin the Pia/za 



del Popolo two great streets diverg< -ither side 



of the Corso, the Via di Itipetta to the right, skirt- 

 ing the Tiber, and to the left the Via del Ralmino, 

 leading to the Piazza di Spagna, whence the Scala 

 di Spagna, the resort of artiste' models, ascends 

 to the Pincian Gardens, on the site of the gardens 

 of Lucullus, which command a splendid view of 

 the city, and form the fashionable drive and prome- 

 nade of the Romans. 



Before Rome became in 1870 the capital of Italy, 

 the greater part of the Pincian, Quirinal, and 

 Ksquiline hills was occupied by villas of the Roman 

 iii ililes, with extensive gardens planted with ilexes 

 and vines. With two exceptions these have been 

 destroyed, and their sites have been covered with 

 modern houses, and too often bv blocks of ugly 

 barrack-like buildings, many stories in height, let 

 out in tenements. The dirty but picturesque 

 mediieval city is assuming the aspect of a modern 

 capital, broad, straight thoroughfares having been 

 driven through quarters formerly occupied by 

 narrow streets and mean, crowded houses. Of the 

 new streets the most important are the Via Venti 

 Settembre, from the Porta Pia to the Quirinal, and 

 the Via Cavour and the Via Na/ionale, which lead 

 from the railway station, the liist to the l-'orum, 

 and the second to the lower end of the Con-o. This 

 is continued to the west by the Corso Vittoiio 

 Kiiimannele as far as the Itorgo. crossing the Tilier 

 by a new bridge. The older foreign quarter lay 

 at the foot of the Pincian, around the Pia//a di 

 Spagna. but the healthier sites on the slopes and 

 summits of the Quirinal and Ksquiline are now 

 more ftc'ineiited. 



Of the palaces the largest are the Vat lean, the 

 rcsiilenre of the Jiope. and the Quii in.-tl. now the 

 residence of the kinj.', but formerly a papal palace, 

 in which the conclaves were held for the election 

 of the popes. Many of the palaces of the Koman 

 nobles contain collections of pictures and statuary. 

 Chief among them are the Pala/xo Horghese, con- 

 taining, next to the Vatican, tin- best collection of 

 Iiietnres in Rome, the Palazzi Colonna. Doiia, 

 'arlierini, Rospigliosi, Chigi, Torlonia, l-'an 

 Corsini, and di Venezia, now the Austrian 

 embassy. Among the notable villas are the Villa 

 Horghese, standing in a great park lielow the 



