7Sfi 



KOMI: 



church, with 4th century mosaics, probably con- 

 structed out of a private house ; S. Prassede, 



a !i:h century church, with ancient granite 

 columns and 9th century mosaics; and S. I'iutro 

 in Vincoli, a Stli-century Ka-iln-a, with twentv 

 ancient Doric columns, and containing Michel 

 angelo's statue of Moses, and the supposed 

 chains of St Peter, which were undoubtedly 

 presented by Pope Leo I. to the Empress 

 Endoxia in 442. On the right bank of the Tiber 

 are S. Crisogono, a 12th century church, with 

 ancient porphvry columns and a fine mosaic 

 pavement ; S. Maria in Trastevere, a 5th century 

 church, rebuilt in the 12th century, with twenty- 

 two ancient columns, some line mosaics, a splendid 

 marble pavement, with numerous interesting early 

 inscriptions in the [Mirtico: S. Cecilia has 9th- 

 century mosaics; while the I'ia//a of S. Pietro in 

 Montorio commands the finest view of Rome. S. 

 Maria sopra Minerva, near the Pantheon, the 

 chief Dominican church, is the only (iothic church 

 in Rome. Among the vast modern churches 

 are the Gesii, the gorgeous church of the Jesuits, 

 containing the tomb of S. Ignatius Lovola; S. 

 Carlo al Corso, now the fashionable church of 

 Home; S. Andrea della Valle ; SS. Apostoli; S. 

 Maria Vallicella, commonly called Cliiesa Nuova; 

 and theCappuccini, with its catacomlis and (Juido'g 

 picture of St Michael. 



One of the greatest improvements which has 

 been effected is the embankment of the Tiber, and 

 the straightening and deepening of its channel. 

 This has put a stop to the disastrous floods by 

 which the lower parts of the city were formerly 

 inundated. But the municipality being now prac- 

 tically bankrupt, the grandiose schemes for the 

 further reconstruction of the city, and for making 

 Rome a port by the canalisation of the Tiber, are 

 for the present suspended. 



In addition to the objects of interest which have 

 been briefly enumerated are the vast Catacombs 

 (ii.v. ) extending underground for many miles, the 

 ( ; Met to, the Sapienza, the Propaganda, and the 

 Protestant cemetery with the tombs of Keats and 

 Shelley. The best panoramic views of Rome are 

 from the Pincio, the Villa Mattel, S. Pietro in 

 Montorio, the .lanieuliim. the garden of the Prior 

 ato di Malta, and from outside the Porta S. (lio- 

 vanni. Kome is now a fairly healthy city, except 

 in the late summer months; the water supply is 

 unrivalled both for quality and quantity, and the 

 streets are well cleansed. No city excels Rome 

 in its public fountains. 



There are practically no manufactures in Rome. 

 Hats, gloves, neckties, false pearls, and trinket - 

 are made, and there are cabinet-makers, and a few 

 foundries on a small scale, but compared with 

 other great cities the ah-ence of factory chimneys 

 i- very notable. There are printing-offices, but 

 the Italian book-trade is centred at Milan. The 

 chief industry is the manufacture of small mosaics, 

 small bronzes, of statuary, casts, and pictures, either 

 original or copies of the works of the great masters. 



All the necessaries of life have to be imported 

 from a distance, the Campagna which extends for 

 many miles around Rome being uninhabitable on 

 irnt of the malaria. It is an unenclosed and 

 untilled waste, roamed over by herds of half wild 

 cattle. Corn and wine are brought from Tuscany, 

 and from the fertile Terra di Lavoro near Naples. 

 The prosperity of the city depends on the ex|x>ndi- 

 tnre of the courts of the l,)uirinal and the Vatican, 

 of the army of functionaries in the public offices. 

 of the garrison, and of the foreign visitors who 

 crowd the hotels during the winter months. The 

 railways from all parts of Italy converge out-ide 

 the city, which they enter near the Porta Miiggiore 

 on the Ksquiline, ami have a common terminus on 



the summit of the ljuirinal close to the Maths of 

 I'iiK'letian. The omnibus sen ice is. good, and 

 well managed tramways traverse several of the 

 broad new streets. 



S.-e K. Bum, Komt and iMe Cai/i<;>m il!-7<; .1. II. 

 Prktr, Are/iaoiouf of Jtome (IbTl'MI); T. II I'v.r. 

 <'ii ii of Jtniiii, iti Viriuituiiet and Slunummlt rj.i ed. 



. K. Wey. Jlome ( trms. f rom Kr.. m-w i .1. 1- 

 K Lanciani, Ancunt Jtomr in tlir I.i'ii lut- 



888); with oth.-r works l.y Ci II, Nii.liy, Hare, 

 J'rofeiwor Middleton, &c., and those i-n. il mi p. 7'.M. 



ROMAN llisimiv. Kome, the 'Mistress of the 

 World,' the ' Eternal ity,'gi\e- name to a jKiliti- 



eal empire which la-leil eleven centuries, till its 

 transfer to l!y/antiiim, where it lasted eleven 

 centuries more; also to a religious empiie which 

 since 4'2 A.H. has acquired spiritual sway o\ci a yet 

 larger dominion than its pagan predecessor, and 

 which, in accord with impeiial l.ermain. toimed 

 the twin-factor of the Holy Roman Kmpiie, dis- 

 solved in 1806. 



Colonised in the bronze age by Alban shepherds 

 who migrated from their hills in fear of volcanic 

 disturbance, Kome, according to her officially 

 adopted legend, dates from 21st April 7">:< i:.c., 

 when Romulus, first of her -e\en king-. Bettlea 

 on the Palatine mount. From his quadrilateial 

 stronghold Roma qnudrata he made conquest of 

 the Capitol ine and Quirinal. After his >un> 

 Numa, thedelian was annexed by Tiillus Ilostilius 

 and the Aventine by Ancus Marcius. To the hills, 

 now five under Tarquinius Priscus the fifth king, 

 were added the Ksquiline and Viminal b\ Sen ins 

 Tullius, who walled in the seven with a stone forti- 

 fication. So that under her seventh and last king, 

 Tarquinius Superbus, the City of the Seven Hills 

 was already ' built for empire,' on marshy soil made 

 habitable by drainage, and connecting with the sea- 

 board by the Tiber a waterway so clearly the 

 'outlet of her supremacy ' as to warrant the deriva- 

 tion of ' Rome ' and ' Romulus ' from t lie l.'/uin>n or 

 river. 



Latin in population, with a Sabine infusion, 

 Rome was divided into three tribe- the Kamnes, 

 the Tities, and the Luceres, and again into thirty 

 rnrice. The tribal division disappeared early : 

 that into curia' lasted well into republican times. 

 Out of the curijc, originating in common religious 

 observances, grew the )mjni/itii HUHIHHHS. includ- 

 ing all freeliorn Romans. Its king (rej-) was not 

 always hereditary either in his regal or Ins leligi- 

 ous capacity, nor merely elective. AVhen a king 

 died, nis successor was chosen by the heads 

 (patres) of families (gentes). These pains the 

 guardians of religious observance, of popular right, 

 of state interests- had ]>ower to choose a pro- 

 visional king (nilrr-rrr), who, with the patres 

 for assessors, decided on the new king, who was 

 then proposed to the curia 1 in assembly \i-mnit, H 

 ruriatit) and. if approved, confirmed by the pa: 

 The king had now absolute authority, civil, 

 religious, and military. The patres were his 

 councillors the senate having the aliovc indi- 

 cated powers, always subject to the king, wl-o 

 consulted them at pleasure, ami filled up vacan- 

 cies. In solemn assembly the Unmans mil in 

 the Forum under the king or inter rex, who put 

 questions to the vote, when each curia voted in 

 turn, its vote lieing determined by the majoiity 

 within itself, and the preponderance of these votes 

 deciding the result. 



Komiilns, Numa, Tullus Hostilius, and Ancus 

 Marcius the first and third Latin, the second and 

 fourth Sabine are little more than legendary 

 names; the warrior chief Romulus typified by his 

 1,'nmii iitinilnilii and Cumitium or place of assembly 

 in the r'orum ; the priestly Numa uy his Temple of 

 Vesta and his Kegia close to it ; the statesman 



