T94 



ROME 



Africa, was compelled to acknowledge Valentinian 

 II. as emperor in the went (391). A few month-. 

 afterward* Valcniinian was murdered by Arbogast 

 the Frank, who nominated in Inn place a creature 

 of his own, KugeiiiiiH. Again Theodosins triumphed 

 over the usuriter ; but after hU gieat \ iciory at 

 Aquileia he died (395), leaving as emperors IIM 

 two sons Arcadius in the east and Honorius iu 

 the wi-t . 



The next eighty years are amongst the most disn ml 

 in the world's history. The provinces, drained to 

 inanition by taxation levied for army and court, 

 were further visited by intestine war and bar- 

 barian inroads. At first the policy of conciliating 

 the invader, and giving him military command and 

 administrative office, succeeded. But gradually the 

 barbarians established in the east began to aim at 

 conquest in the west, and Alaric the (loth first 

 occupied Illyricum, whence he ravaged Greece, to 

 be driven out by the Vandal Stilicho, the able 

 general of Honorius. Retaining Illyricum, he 

 led his people en matte into Italy ; but after his 

 crushing defeat at Pollentia he again retreated 

 before Stilicho. On the murder of that officer he 

 returned and besieged and took Koine, which 

 bought him out at a heavy price. Honorius, 

 from his seat at Ravenna, could not be made 

 to concede him the lands he wanted for his 

 people and the post in the imperial army he 

 claimed for himself, so Alaric again appeared before 

 Home, to accept the office of commander-in-chief 

 under her improvised 'Augustus,' the prefect 

 Attain-. This incapable ruler was displaced by 

 Alaric, who resumed Iris negotiations with Honorius. 

 These being again fruitless, he took and sacked 

 the city, but died shortly after. His successor 

 Ataulf drew off his people to Gaul, and (419) a 

 succeeding king, Wallia, received formal per 

 ini"ion from Honorius to settle in the south 

 west, where at Toulouse he founded the Vi.-i- 

 Eothic dynasty. Spain, already divided between 

 Vandals, Sueves, and Alans, was in like 

 manner formally made over to those invaders by 

 ll.inoiiiis, whose authority at his death (423) 

 was on the western continent merely nominal. 

 His siicce-sor, Valentinian III. (423-453), witnes-ed 

 the conquest of Africa by the Vandals ami of 

 Gaul and Italy by the Huns. The former, under 

 Genseric, having taken Carthage, were recogni-ed 

 liv Valcntinian in their new African kingdom in 

 440 ; and the latter, the rulers, under Attila, of 

 central and northern Europe, confronted t!n j 

 emperors of east and west alike as an independ- 

 ant power. Attila marched first on Gaul, but 

 the Visigoths, since their conciliation by Honorius, 

 were loyal enough to oppose him. and, commanded 

 by Aetius, signally defeated the Huns at Chalons 

 (451). Next year Attila invaded Lombardy, but 

 got no further, and died (453). In that year 

 Valentinian, the last representative of the house 

 of Theod.i-.ius in the west, was murdered ; but 

 his nine successors have no claim on our attention 

 here. The outstanding events in the history of 

 Home are now her siege and sack by Gcnscrie 

 (455), and the quarrel between the Kmneror ( Irestcs 

 (a Pannonian ) and the barbarian soldiery in Italy 

 the latter requesting and the former refusing 

 a grant of a third of the lands. The soldi. i\ 

 defeated and killed Orestes, whose son Koninlus 

 August ultis resigned the ' useless purple ' in favour 

 of their leader Odoacer ( 476 ). The empire of the 

 west was gone, Italy was under a barbarian king, 

 and Rome ceaed to be the capital. Thenceforth 

 the history of Rome is merged in that of Italy 

 (q. v. ), where will he found such outstanding event* 

 a* the restoration to the city, or to the pope, of 

 the lands rescued by Pepin (q.v.) from the Lom- 

 bards, the taking of Home in 1084 by the Emperor 



Henry IV., the short rule of Rienzi (q.v.), the sack 

 in 1.VJ7 by the Constable de Bourlmn (q.v.), the 

 Napoleonic invasion of 1796, the republic of 1849, 

 anil the re-establishment in 1870 of Rome as capital 

 of Italy. The history of the Eastern Knipin- i- 

 eiv, n at KVZANTINK EMIMIIK. 



Koine Prehistoric, Kegal, and Republican : Gilbert's 

 (Srx-hicftte und Toaoyraphir </</ .S'/.irfr Hum im Altritum 

 (1883-90); and the well-known works of Moinmnen 

 (Eng. trans. 18G2-C6), 1't t. r, Nu/.sch, l)ruumnn, 

 Schwegler, Duruy (Eng. trans. ls-<. f < M; i t .,,! n, nej super- 

 KediiiK in great part the e|K>eli-niiikin^ Ni. liulir and 

 the useful works of Arnold and Long. Koine Imperial : 

 Gardthausen'n Auinutut und ttine Ztit ( fir>-t part 1.V.U ' ; 

 Moimnsen'K fifth volume ( EIIB. trans. I,s,s7 i ; Mcrivale; 

 Gibbon (emlwdying most of what in valuable m T.lle- 

 mont ) ; Hermann Schiller^ Vetch ichttder Kaiterteit ; \ im 

 Rcumont; Gaston Boissier's La Fin dn 1'aiKtnitme (2 

 vols. 1891 ) ; Hodgkin's Italy and htr InfOdtrt ( 1880-85 ) ; 

 Professor Pelbain in the Encyclopadia Jint.n 

 Bury, Hittory of the Roman Empire ( 1893 ) ; Shiickburgh. 

 Htitory of Borne (1894); and the general histories of 

 Rome by Schmitz, Liddell, Merivale, Oilman, and Pel- 

 ham, as well as a serviceable abridgment of Mommsen. 

 Rome Mediaeval : Gregorovius's Getehiehte tier Stadt Rom 

 (Eng. trans. 1895); Von Reumont; Ranke's Hittory of 

 the Popet; Sismondi, AUmttt L' Italia net Media Evo 

 ( 1891 ) ; and the church histories of Baronius, Robertson, 

 and .Mihnun. Books of interest are Dyer, Hittory of the 

 City of Rome (2d ed. 1883) ; Graf, Roma netta Memoria 

 del Media Evo ( 1882-83 ) ; Lanciani, Parian and Christian 

 Rome (1893) ; R, Burn, Ancient Koine and itt Neighbour- 

 hood (189ft); and see Cerroti's BiUinjraHa di Roma, 

 (1893) and Villari's 'Rome Medinval and Modern' in the 

 Encyclopadia Britanniea. Becker's itallus, Ix>ckhart'i 

 Valeriut, Graham's Necera, AV'estbury's AeU, and Wise- 

 man's Fabiola are works of fiction dealing learnedly 

 and attractively with Romau history and life. 



RELIGION. The religion of ancient Home was 

 in pedigree closely akin to the Creek, which 

 accounts for the ease with which in later times 

 the two religions became blended. Rome's earliest 

 occupants, the Latins and theSabines, had, like the 

 Greeks themselves, a Pelagic proganltwe, and the 

 greater number of her divinities were ultimately 

 descended, through the Latin and Sabine, from 

 IVIawgic originals. The Etruscan infusion into 

 Roman nationality affected religion mainly on its 

 external side, that of ceremonial. Among these 

 Italian races Latin, Sabine, EtniRcan religion 

 took an Italian development, redolent of their 

 racial and local characteristics, of which, as com- 

 pared with the Greeks, lack of creative power was 

 one ; hence we miss in the Komnn divine world 

 that wealth of legend which makes the Greek so 

 picturesque, while from the same cause the 

 Roman divinities lietray fewer of the failings by 

 which those of Greece often sink to the human 

 level. The Roman genius, with its practical and 

 objective turn, determined the more observant 

 spirit of its religions worship, which in its minute 

 attention to detail, Ixith in word and act, implied 

 a graver, more reverential notion of deity. Spuing 

 from shepherds and husbandmen of the sim; 

 patriarchal type, the early Romans strike a rural 

 and domestic note in their religion, worshipping 

 especially the gods of nature, or field and forest, 

 the bounteous protectors of flocks, or donors of 

 harvests, like l-aunus, Vertunmus, Saturn, Ops, 

 and the gods who shielded the house and its in- 

 mates, i;ods of the family (Lares and Penates). 

 This worship long retained in Rome the rural and 

 household traita of its original inspiration, and far 

 down in the history of the empire we find niimer 

 oils festivities antique as to observance and yearly 

 as to recurrence, in the Saturnalia, Lupercalia, and 

 such like. Side by side with her agricultural, 

 post/oral, and household divinities Rome from the 

 earliest times continued to worship the deities 

 who protected her civic life state-deities, like !; 



