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founder and maintainer, Jupiter. With her politi- 

 cal growth these came more and more to the front. 

 After Jupiter, the head of the divine world, comes 

 Mars, the defender of the city, father of Romulus 

 and of the Koman people, and Quirinus, the deified 

 Romulus. A second Rome-defending trinity was 

 composed of Jupiter, with his sister and consort 

 Juno and his daughter Minerva. Beside them in 

 reverential honour was worshipped Vesta, goddess 

 of the sacred fire and of the household liearth, 

 which was the groundwork of the state. The 

 deities just enumerated, especially the protective 

 or tutelary deities, formed the main body of the 

 state-religion of the Romans a state-religion of 

 which their second king, the Sabine Numa, was the 

 revered founder and organiser. Of subordinate im- 

 portance, but closely intertwined with public life and 

 its concerns, came the worship of abstract, chiefly 

 moral entities, embodied in the religious concep- 

 tion as Virtus, Fides, Pietas. Such deities gradu- 

 ally multiplied according to the appreciation or 

 whim of individuals, till nearly every possible con- 

 dition or influence, including the commonest occur- 

 rences and agencies, even accidental phenomena, 

 were endowed with divine being, and worshipped 

 accordingly. So we find Orbona, the averter of 

 bereavement and bringer of comfort to its victims, 

 Fessonia, the preserver from weariness, Quies, 

 Febris, Abeona and Adeona (the goddesses in- 

 voked on departure and arrival). The natural 

 world, the civic, the moral the three elements 

 above indicated were the chief components of 

 Rome's religion, and during her supremacy con- 

 stituted a triune whole jealously guarded by the 

 state from eveiy foreign contamination. But 

 with the spread of her dominion, particularly on 

 her coming into closer contact with the Greeks in 

 lower Italy, she imported into her religion extrane- 

 ous, mostly Greek, objects and modes of worship. 

 She came early to revere the oracular Apollo of 

 Delphi, and (432) erected in Rome a temple in his 

 honour as the plague-averting deity. Castor and 

 Pollux were another acclimatisation, and her temple 

 to them dates from 304. The worship of ^Escula- 

 pius she took from Epidaurus (291). So long as 

 her civilisation continued national Rome kept this 

 foreign cult, though introduced and sanctioned by 

 the state, as something separate from her old con- 

 stitutional religion, which was thus maintained 

 free from all corrupting or disintegrating infusion. 

 Subsequently to .the second Punic war, however 

 that turning-point in her civilisation in an in- 

 credibly short time she became penetrated by Greek 

 influences, and threw wide the door to the mytho- 

 logical traditions of Greece. She did indeed re- 

 tain, for the most part, the names she had given 

 her gods and the rites by which she worshipped 

 them ; but these were gradually undermined and 

 overspread by Greek notions, until her literature, 

 in so far as it dealt with religion, became impreg- 

 nated with Greek legend and spirit. Nor was it 

 (ireece at her l>est that Rome followed in this sub- 

 jection to her influence. Greece had long parted 

 with her better traditions, and could convey little 

 but what was sceptical and frivolous of her own or 

 what was superstitious and fleshly of her eastern 

 neighbours. Asia and Egypt, through the inter- 

 mediation of Greece, and latterly at first hand, 

 liecame the source of a sombre, sensual, degrading 

 cult, which Rome, professedly at least attached to 

 her healthier, more masculine worship, strove 

 fruitlessly to countervail. Augustus did his best 

 to prop up the declining religion through restora- 

 tion ot old usages and festivals, the rebuilding of 

 temples on a more magnificent scale, and the dis- 

 couragement of superstitious importations. Ovid 

 made himself the poet of a similar inspiration in 

 his Fasti, wherein he tried, by revivifying the 



old forgotten ceremonials, to reawaken the 

 from which these had sprung. Later emnerors 

 interposed from time to time in the same cause ; 

 but in vain. Religion and morals deteriorated 

 with a rapidity that helps to explain the steady, 

 irresistible advance of that religion of which Rome 

 became the seat. 



Preller's Romiache Mythologie ; Mommsen's History of 

 Rome; Fustel de Coulanges, La Cite Antique (1864); 

 Bouche-Leclercq, Hwtoire de la Divination dans 

 VAntiquiU (4 vols. 1879-82) ; Reseller, Ausfiihr. Lexikon 

 der Oriech. u. Rom. Mythologie ; and Gaston Boissier's 

 La Religion Romaine should be consulted for fuller 

 information, and the excellent article in the Encyclopadie 

 der Klass. A Itertumskuntle ; also Jean Keville, La Religion 

 a Rome sous lei Sevres ( 1886 ). 



On Rome, its Mstory and antiquities, see also the 

 articles in this work on C.ESAH, AUGUSTUS, and the great 

 men of ancient Rome ; those on the Roman gods ; the 

 maps of Italia Antiqua and Roman Empire ; and the 

 following articles : 



Agrarian Laws. Censors. Jugurtha. 



Alphabet. Church History. Justinian. 



Amphitheatre. Church (States of Latin Language and 

 Apotheosis. the). Literature. 



Arch. Consul. Legion. 



Army. Dictator. Numerals. 



Art. Divination. Numismatics. 



Auguries. Emperor. Painting. 



Baths. Equestrian Order. Pope. 



Byzantine Empire. Family. Praetor. 



Camp. Gladiator. Rienzi. 



Canon Law. Hannibal. Roman Empire 



Carthage. Inscriptions. (Holy). 



Catacombs. Italy. Sculpture. 



Rome, ( 1 ) capital of Floyd county, Georgia, on 

 the Coosa River, 72 miles by rail NW. of Atlanta. 

 It has iron-foundries, and manufactories of ploughs, 

 nails, &c., and ships cotton. Pop. (1880) 3877; 

 ( 190(1) 7'291. (2) A city of New York, on the Mo- 

 hawk River, 109 miles by rail WNW. of Albany, 

 and at the junction of the Erie and Black River 

 canals. It contains a number of mills and manu- 

 factories of iron, brass, copper, and other goods. 

 Here is Fort Stanwix, wnich was successfully 

 defended against St Leger, and 6 miles to the south- 

 east the battle of Oriskany was fought, during the 

 Revolution. Pop. (1890) 14,991 ; (1900) 15,343. 



Rome, PRIX DE, the great prize given by the 

 School of Fine Arts and the Conservatory in Paris, 

 consists of a certain sum for four years, during 

 which the recipient is expected to study painting 

 at Rome and to lodge in the Villa Medici. The 

 second prize is a gold medal. 



Roilie-SCOt, a name for Peter's-pence (q.v. ). 



Romford. a market-town of Essex, on the 

 Bourne or Rom, 12 miles ENE. of London. It 

 has large cattle and corn markets, iron-foundries, 

 extensive market-gardens, and a very large brewery 

 of 'Romford ale.' The church of St Edward the 

 Confessor was rebuilt in 1850. Romford is the 

 capital of the Liberty of Havering-atte- Bower, once 

 part of the lands of the Saxon kings. Pop. (1851) 

 3861 ; (1891) 8408. See George Terry's Memories 

 of Old Romford ( 1880 ). 



Romilly, SIR SAMUEL, English lawyer and law 

 reformer, was born son of a watchmaker of Hugue- 

 not descent, at London, March 1, 1757. At sixteen 

 he was articled to one of the Chancery clerks, at 

 twenty-one entered himself at Gray's Inn, and 

 afterwards went the Midland Circuit, but found 

 his chief employment in Chancery practice. In 1784 

 he made the acquaintance of Mirabeau, who intro- 

 duced him to Lord Lansdowne ; in 1790 he published 

 an able pamphlet on the French Revolution. In 

 1806 he was, at the instance of Mr Fox, appointed 

 Solicitor-general in the Grenville administration, 

 and was compelled to accept the honour of knight 

 hood. He took his seat for Queenborough, as in 

 later parliaments for Horsham, Wareham, and 



