P04 



ROSAMOND 



HOSCIUS 



berry, it U an enlarged fleshy receptacle with the 

 eeda imbedded on it* tmrface. This nat\iral or.l.-r 

 contain* at least 1000 known species ; but in some 

 of the genera, as Rosa and Rubus, tbe determina- 

 tion of tin- specie* is attended with great difficulty, 

 and varieties sometime* reckoned species are 

 numerous. The order, as generally received, is 

 divided into a number of sub-orders, several of 

 which have by some botanist* been elevated to the 

 rank of distinct orders, as Amygdale:c, Pomace*, 

 Sanguisorl>ea>. See also ROSE, RUBUS, STRAW- 

 BERRY, POTENTILLA, ToKMKNTIL, AGRIMONY, 



GEUH, SPIRAEA, Cuaso, &c- 

 Rosamoiul, FAIR, See CLIFFORD. 

 Rosanilinc. See DYEING. 

 Rosario. the third city of the Argentine 

 Republic, and the largest in Santa Fe, is on the 

 west bank of the Parana, 190 miles by rail M\ of 

 Buenos Ayres, 210 miles by river. It has an excel- 

 lent harbour, and carries on a large commerce 

 direct with Europe ; the exports exceed 3J and the 

 import* 44 millions sterling. The houses for the 

 most part are of a single story ; for the rest .the city 

 is laid out on, a smaller scale, on the lines of Buenos 

 Ayres, with narrow streets, ill paved, few mid 

 paltry plazas, and only one monument of note 

 a lofty marble shaft (1883) bearing a figure of 

 Victory and surrounded by four statues. Irani- 

 ways (with 6 miles of rails) run in every direction, 

 and there is a telephone to Buenos Ayres. The 

 city possesses an exchange, a theatre, a great bull- 

 ring, two market*, hospitals', steam-elevators, a 

 sugar-factory, &c. Kosario was founded in 1725. 

 Pop. (1887)55,000. 



Rosary, a string of larger and smaller beads 

 used by Catholics as an aid to memory in keeping 

 account of the number of Paternosters and 

 Ave Marias recited. There are various patterns in 

 us.-; a very ordinary one is a rosary of fifty-five 

 l>ead, fifty small ones for the Ave Marias, uprated 

 into groups of ten by five large ones to mark 

 Paternosters. The custom of reciting the Lords 

 Prayer many times in succession dates from a very 

 early period' of the Christian church ; the custom 

 of keeping a note of the prayers recited by means 

 of strings of l>eads was so common in the East 

 amongst Hindus and Mohammedans that the use 

 of the rosarv for this purpose has been said to havr 

 lieen introduced into Christian Europe by tin 

 Crusaders. The name (Lat. rosarium, 'a gardei 

 of roses' or 'chaplet of roses') first occurs in the 

 13th century, and seems to be derived from Bom 

 myttica, a term given to the Virgin herself, or froii 

 a set of prayers being thought of as the > irgm 

 rose-garden; .less proltable is the suggestion thai 

 the name comes from the beads l.eing originally 

 made of rosewood. The beads are now of various 

 material berries, wood, stone, ivory, metal Ate., 

 and are often of costly workmanship, and of con- 

 siderable intrinsic value. They are blessed for the 

 use of the people by the |>pe, by bishops and 

 superiors of religious orders, and by others having 

 special power for the purpose. The name i> also 

 given to a series of prayers ( ' Rosary of the Blessed 

 Virgin') consisting of fifteen decays, con, prising 

 fifteen Paternosters and Doxologies, and 150 Ave 

 \I,ni;is. dividi-d into three pan-. The Lesser 

 Rosary consist* of one of the three |>art*, compris- 

 ing live decades or mysteries. 



RIISAKY SUNDAY, the first Sunday in October, 

 is a feast institute! by (Iregory XIII. for the Con- 

 fraternity of the Rosary, and made of universal 

 observance after the victory of the Emperor Charles 

 VI. over the Turks, in gratitude to the Blessed 

 Virgin. An impetus has been given to the devo- 

 tion of the rosarv by Leo. XIII., who enjoined its 

 daily use in public during October. In London 



,- are blessed and distributed as souvenirs, and 

 he rosary recited continually during the day. 



Rosas, JfAN MANUEL, Argentine dictator, 

 van born in Buenos Ayres, 3Uth March 1793, 

 entered the army of Buenos Ayres in 1820, was 

 ip|Hiiiii--d commander -in-chief in lN2t>, and was 

 overnor of the province from 1829 to 1832. Then, 

 inj: disappointed of re-election, he headed a 

 revolt, and in three years succeeded in obtaining 

 oth'ce again, with extraordinary powers. Kiom 

 1835 to 1852 he governed as dictator, not of Buenos 

 Avres alone, but practically of the interior also. 

 Hi- rule was a rule of terror and nearly constant 

 iiloodshed : one of his chief opponents published, 

 so early as 1843, a detailed list of JJ.^o:, victims of 

 the relentless savagery with which he pursued his 

 policy of extirpation against the Unitarian* (the 

 advocates of centralisation, that is to say, as 

 opposed to the Federalists, for whose principle* 

 Rosas professed to contend ). Many refugees found 

 an asylum in Uruguay, and therefore Rosas will- 

 ingly supported the attempt of liis partisan, ( ieneral 

 Ortbe, to make himself master of the neighbouring 

 republic ; and, after the fall of OiiKf's jjovernmc ni, 

 Rosas in 1HS9 invaded Uruguay with 7(HHl men, 

 was defeated, ami in 1K43 sent Onto back with an 

 army of 14.000 men to attack Montevideo. The 

 long siege which followed led to the joint interven- 

 tion, in 1846, of England ami France, the blockade 

 of Buenos Ayres (1845-47), ami the tempoiary 

 oiiening of the Parana to free navigation. But t he 

 river provinces could not be induced to rise against 

 Rosas, until in 1849 a treatv was signed by which In- 

 secured for Buem* Ayres the entire navigation of 

 the Plate, the Uruguay, and the Parana. This 

 roused the other provinces, and in 1851 I'rquiza, the 

 governor of Entre Rios, supported by lira/il with 

 both money and men, defeated Oribe in Uruguay, 

 and won over his troops ; then, with a force of 

 30,000, he marched against Rosas, and on 3d ! eb- 

 ruary 1852 routed him at Monte Caseros, near 

 Buenos Ayres. Rosas escaped to England ; and, 

 although "the Argentine congress in 1861 con- 

 demned him to death as a professional murderer 

 and robber," specifying '.JO-'l-l assassinations carried 

 out by his orders, he lived comfortably near 

 Boataamptoa till his death, 14th March 1S77. 

 RoKorllinii*. See SCHOLASTICISM. 

 Rosrher, WILHELM, the most eminent ex- 

 pounder of the historical school of Political 

 Economy (n.v.) in Germany, was born at Hanover 

 on 21st" October 1817. He studied at Gottingen 

 and Berlin, and in 1843 was appointed ].io|. --,,! 

 of Political Economy at Ciittingen, but in 1848 

 was called to (ill the corresi>onding chair at l*Apa& 

 His principal l>ooks are Syxt< m iln- VoUanevrUuchaJl 

 (4 TO)*. 1854-86 ; 18th ed.' 1SS7 : -Jlst e,l. isitl ; Kng. 

 trans. 2 vnls. Chicago, 1879), Die tfattOHoldkoHOI** 

 des Acktrbaue* (10th ed. 1882), GrwuOagm der 

 Nationalokonomie (17th ed. 1884), GetchuMt Otr 



.\iiti<iiiiii<,l.-t,iiniiiil; iii DenttoHland (1H74), /.nr 

 tietcliicfite der englitcJien Volknnrtlischafttlehre 

 (1851-52), Kolonien, KolonMjio/iM mid Aiutoa*- 

 dcrung (3<l ed. 1885). He died .'{.I June 1894. 



Roscilis. Ql iNTfs, was liorn at Soloninm. a 

 village near Lanuviiim, and rose to lie the greatest, 

 comic actor in Rome. So much was he admired 

 that many of the Roman aristocracy befriended 

 him, and the dietator Sulla, as a token of favour, 

 presented him with a gold ring, the symUl of the 

 equestrian order. Among his most admiring and 

 affectionate patrons Roscius also numbered Cicero. 

 who, at the commencement of his career, received 

 lessons in the art of elocution from the great, 

 comedian, and even in later life used to make 

 trials of skill with his instructor a* to which of 

 them rendered a thought most clearly and ellec- 



