ROSENMULLER 



HOSES, WARS OF 



809 



Erlduterungen ties Hegelschen Systems (1840), criti- 

 cisms of Schleiermacher's (1836) and Strauss's 

 Doctrines of Belief ( 1845 ), Meine Reform des Hegel- 

 schen Systems (1852), and Wissenschaft der logischen 

 Idee (1858-59) in philosophy, and books on the 

 History of Poetry, Diderot's Leben und Werke 

 (1866), Leben Hegels (1844), Goethe und seine 

 Werke (2d ed. 1856) in literature. He also edited, 

 with Schubert, Kant's Werke (12 vols. 1838-10). 



See his autobiographical Von Magdeburg nach Konvji- 

 berg (1873) and Life by Quiibicker ( 1879 ). 



RosenmUller, JOHANN GEORG, a German 

 theologian and eloquent preacher, was born at 

 Ummerstadt near Hildburghausen, 18th December 

 1736, studied in Altdorf, and filled chairs at Erlan- 

 gen (1773), Giessen (1783), and Leipzig (1785), 

 where he died, 14th March 1815. He published 

 about 100 books of great popularity. Of these the 

 most important was Scholia in Novum- Testamentum 

 (6th ed. by his son 1815-31). ERNST FRIEDRICH 

 KARL, eldest son of the foregoing, was a dis- 

 tinguished biblical critic and Orientalist. He was 

 born at Hessberg near Hildburghausen, 10th De- 

 cember 1768, studied at Kb'nigsberg, Giessen, and 

 Leipzig, became extra-ordinary professor of Oriental 

 Literature at the last in 1795, ordinary professor 

 in 1813, and died 17th September 1835. His Instl- 

 tutiones ad fund, ling. Arab. (1818) and Analecta 

 Arabica (3 yols. 1 824-27 > were of great importance ; 

 his masterpiece, the Scholia in Vetus Testamentum 

 (11 parts in 23 vols. 1788-1835), still retains no 

 small part of its value. Other works are Handbuch 

 fur bibl. Kritik und Exegese (1797-1800), Das 

 alte undneue Morgenland (1816-20), Handbuch der 

 biblischen Alterthumskunde (4 vols. 1823-31). A 

 younger brother, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1771-1820), 

 was twenty years a professor of Anatomy and 

 Surgery at Leipzig, and wrote on anatomy. 



Rose-noble. See NOBLE. 



Rose of Jericho (Anastatica hierochimtica), 

 a plant of the natural order Crucifera 1 , which grows 

 in the sandy deserts of Arabia, and on rubbish, 

 the roofs of houses, and other such situations in 

 Syria and other parts of the East. It is a small, 

 bushy, herbaceous plant, seldom more than six 

 inches high, with small white flowers ; and after 

 it has flowered, the leaves fall off, and the branches 

 Income incurved towards the centre, so that the 

 plant assumes an almost globular form, and in this 

 state it is often blown about by the wind in the 

 desert. When it happens to be blown into water 

 the branches expand again, and the pods open and 

 let out the seeds. Numerous superstitions are con- 

 nected with this plant, which is called Rosa Mariie, 

 or Hose of the Virgin. If taken up before it is quite 

 withered the plant retains for years its hygromctric 

 property of contracting in drought and expanding 

 in moisture. 



Rose of Sharon, a name given to an orna- 

 mental malvaceous plant, the Hibiscus syriacus 

 (see HIBISCUS). But the Rose of Sharon of the 

 Bible was doubtless a bulbous plant, probably a 

 kind of narcissus. 



Rose'ola, or ROSE-RASH, is a name sometimes 

 applied to the milder varieties of Erythema (q.v. ), 

 where the eruption consists merely of a reddening 

 of the skin, with little or no swelling. Such an 

 eruption sometimes occurs as an early symptom in 

 smallpox, and during the stage of reaction in 

 cholera ; it is also one of the commonest of syphilitic 

 eruptions. But it frequently appears independently 

 of any such disease, and is then usually an indica- 

 tion of some slight disorder of digestion, or of some 

 other internal source of irritation. It usually sub- 

 aides in the course of two or three days at most, 

 and causes very little constitutional disturbance. 

 Occasionally it is attended by slight fever and sore 



throat, and may then be extremely difficult to dis- 

 tinguish from a mild case of scarlet fever. No 

 treatment is usually required, but a mild saline 

 laxative (e.g. a seidlitz powder) may be adminis- 

 tered with advantage. 



Roses, WARS OF THE, a disastrous dynastic 

 struggle which desolated England during the 15th 

 century, from the first battle of S*t Albans ( 1455 ) 

 to that of Bosworth (1485). It was so called 

 because the two factions into which the country 

 was divided upheld the two several claims to the 

 throne of the Houses of York and Lancaster, whose 

 badges were the white and the red rose respectively. 

 The Lancastrian claim to the crown came through 

 John of Gaunt, third son of Edward III., created 

 Duke of Lancaster in 1362, having married three 

 years before the heiress of Henry, Duke of Lan- 

 caster. On John of Gaunt's death King Richard 

 II. seized his lands, whereupon his son Boling- 

 broke, then in exile, returned to assert his 

 rights, and, finding his cause exceedingly popular, 

 was emboldened to claim the crown, which was 

 granted him by the parliament after the deposition 

 of his cousin Richard II. After the House of Lan- 

 caster had thus possessed the throne for three reigns 

 (Henry IV., V., VI.), Richard, Duke of York, 

 during the weakness of the last reign, began to 

 advance, at first somewhat covertly, his claim to 

 the throne. He was the son of Richard, Earl of 

 Cambridge, by Anne, sister of Edmund Mortimer, 

 the last Earl of March, and he was thus the nearest 

 actual heir to Edward III. through his second son, 

 Lionel, Duke of Clarence. The reigning family 

 had become unpopular from its loss ot France 

 and its clericalism, but its strength was great in 

 the north, where the power of the Percies was 

 alone rivalled by that of the Nevilles. The 

 Yorkist strength lay chiefly in the mercantile 

 population of the southern counties. The effect of 

 the war was the almost complete destruction of the 

 old nobility, the weakening of the power of the 

 church, and an enormous increase in the power of 

 the crown, together with the great advance of the 

 commercial classes and the large towns, destined a 

 few generations later to measure strength with the 

 crown itself. In 1454 Richard was appointed Pro- 

 tector of the realm during Henry's insanity, and 

 on his recovery soon after took up arms against his 

 rival Somerset, and crushed him at the first battle 

 of St Albans ( 1455 ). A second period of insanity 

 again gave him the protectorship, but the king 

 recovered in 1456. His weak attempts at recon- 

 ciliation proved failures, and in 1460 the Yorkist 

 earls of Salisbury, Warwick, and March defeated 

 and captured the king at Northampton (1460). 

 The Lords now decided to grant the reversion of 

 the crown to York, passing over Prince Edward. 

 The queen refused assent, and fled to Scotland, 

 returning only after the death of York at Wake- 

 field ( December 30, 1460) ; but York's son Edward 

 quickly gained a victory at Mortimer's Cross ( 1461 ), 

 though Warwick was defeated by the queen's main 

 body in the second battle of St Albans (1461 ). But 

 London rallied to young Edward, and in June he 

 was crowned at Westminster after the great victory 

 of Towton (1461). Next year Queen Margaret 

 again appeared in the north, but in 1464 her forces 

 were utterly routed by Warwick's brother Montague 

 at Hedgeley Moor and Hexham. The estrange- 

 ment of Warwick and his alliance with Queen 

 Margaret's party drove Edward IV. from England 

 and restored Henry VI. But Edward returned 

 in the spring of 1471, defeated (and slew) Warwick 

 at Barnet, and next the queen at Tewkesbury. The 

 murder of Prince Edward after the battle, and the 

 convenient death of Henry VI. in the Tower, 

 cleared away his two chief dangers and left him to 

 reign in peace. The accession of Henry VII. after 



