820 



ROTCHE 



KOTHE 



parent, and exceedingly active. The body is 

 unsegmented, and almost always beam a posterior 

 ventral ' foot,' and ail anterior equipment of cilia, 

 whole movement* suggest a rapidly rotating wheel. 

 Another characteristic structure is the masticating 

 mill in the pharynx, a complex apparatus consisting 

 in part of two hammers, which work against an 

 anvil. The food seems to consist of vet -mailer 

 organisms and of organic debris. Tne nervous 

 system consists of a single dorsal ganglion. There 

 is * body-cavity containing fluid, and there are 



muscles retract- 

 ing and extend- 

 ing the ciliated 

 disc and the foot. 

 There are no cir- 

 culatory organs, 

 but two excretory 

 tulies are present. 

 Rotifers live hoth 

 in fresh waters 

 and in the sea, 

 and sometimes in 

 damp moss. A 

 few are parasitic. 

 Some are ahle to 

 survive desicca- 

 tion, and may be 

 wafted about by 

 the wind, lint it 

 is likely tK.it in 

 some cases the 

 regeneration 

 after prolonged 

 drought is due 

 not to a revivifi- 

 cation of the 

 ailults, lint to 

 the development 

 for a long time 



Hydatina sent* : 



a, female dorsal view ; 6, male ditto. 

 (T)u Rot(ftra, Hudson and Gone.) 



of the eggs, which con remain 

 quiescent. There are three kinds of eggs: small 

 ova, which develop into males ; thin-shelled summer 

 ova; and thick-shelled resting or winterova. Audit 

 is said that a given female produces only one kind. 

 Sometimes they are laid in the water, or attached 

 to water-plant* ; sometimes they are hatched 

 within the mother. In most, if not all cases, the eggs 

 are parthenogenetic, developing^ without fertilisa- 

 tion. For in one series of rotifers (Philodinadre) 

 the males have never been found ; while in other 

 cases the males, which are usually smaller and 

 simpler than the females, do not succeed in fertilis- 

 ing the eggs. As representative rotifers the 

 following may l*e mentioned : Rotifer vulgnris, 

 very common in stagnant fresh-water pools ; 

 Hydtttina scuta, with exceedingly rapid develop- 

 ment ; Melicerta, which forms an ensheathing case 

 of disgorged pellets ; the pura-itie Seison, AlU'riia, 

 Balatro, which have lost, or almost lost, the char- 

 acteristic ciliated wheel ; Pkwcularia. living in a 

 gelatinous case; the exceedingly licautifiil Steplin.no- 

 ceros ; Pedalion mini, a unique jumping rotifer, 

 with six hollow leg like ap|iendages. Tlie zoological 

 po-itinn of rotifers is uncertain, hut some regard 

 them as remotely allied to Clnrtnpod worms. 



See Hulron and GOMP, Tke Botiftra (1889); Plate, 

 in Jenaaehe Zrittchr. /. Katnrxiu. ( xix. 1886). 



Rotche. or I.ITTLK AUK. See AfK. 



l.'otll.llll-K-d. ROTHAMSTEAD PARK.4 miles 

 N\V. of St Allians, is noted as the scene <>f the 

 agricultural ex)ieriment.s of Sir .1. Bennet l.a\\<-. 

 See AoRKTi.TritK, Vol. I. p. 103. 



IColhr. lilcilARD, one of the greatest specula 

 tiie theologians of (Germany, was IMIIII at I'oven, 

 28th January 1799. At tlm nnivrrsit ie- of Hcidel 

 berg an<l lierlin he had among hi teachers Kaiib, 

 Hegel, Schleiermaolier, and Neauder. After a tun 



years' course in the clerical seminary at Wittenberg 

 and a short period of lecturing as privat-docent at 

 Hreslau he set out for Koine in December 1823 as 

 chaplain to Bunsen's embassy. In 1828 he accepted 

 a professorship in the Wittenberg seminary, whence 

 in 1X39 he migrated to till a similar jiosition at 

 lleiilelberg. In 1849 he obeyed a call to lionn as 

 professor and university preacher, but in IHM he 

 returned to Heidelberg as professor of Theology and 

 member of the Olierkirchenrath, and here he died. 

 August 20, 1867. Itotlie was nne of the noblest 

 t>l"'> of the theologian that Germany has pro 

 diiced, in his rare combination of simple inward 

 piety with fearless boldness of thought. The 

 patient care he lavished on a wife atllicted with a 

 mental malady, the great personal influence he 

 exerted over hi- student-, his humility, charity. 

 and that magnificent prophetic optimism that 

 already .-aw; the whole universe aglow with 

 the glory of the Redeemer, all testify alike to the 

 l>eauty and elevation of his character. His con- 

 ception of the kingdom of God founded by Jesus 

 reminds an English reader of the grand scheme 

 of Hooker in its identification of the religious 

 and moral functions of church and state, in a kind 

 of refined and glorified Erastianism. Indeed the 

 special function of the church will come to an end 

 as soon as the state has become permeated with 

 the religious idea, its purpose lwing merely that of 

 a temporary Instrument in the x alisation of this 

 ultimate ideal. The real end of Christianity i- to 

 create no hierarchical theocracy, but a ipiritaaliBed 

 community with all it- social and political tune 

 tions harmonised with the divine morality. Pro- 

 fane and sacred sciences will at length coafesce, all 

 education will liecome religious, and the instinct 

 of worship will find nourishment in a regenerated 

 theatre and an elevated art. The work of the 

 church meantime is essentially educative and pre- 

 paratoryitself a means and not an end and all 

 its efforts to realise itself as a distinct society are 

 an unfaithfulness to its real principle. The 

 Catholicism of the middle ages was a grand 

 attempt to realise a visible church, but frustrated 

 its highest end because it denaturalized the true 

 social relations when it gave itself a purpose and a 

 policy antagonistic to the state. The Reformation 

 conception of the invisible church was an attempt 

 to avoid the difficulty of the Catholic theory, but 

 it created a purely spiritual community, separated 

 from the ordinary interests of social and national 

 life, and with a fatal tendency to the error of a 

 divorce between religion and morality, the former 

 emphasising the interests of the individual for 

 eternity, the latter relating merely to hi- social 

 duties here in themselves considered as of no 

 religious value. 



Hot he's theory deals a deathblow to clerical- 

 ism and all exaggeration of the importance of 

 the external organisation. It may be that it will 

 be for ages yet to come nothing beyond a devout 

 imagination, but at least it is a splendid attempt 

 to realise the Christian dream of the kingdom 

 of God, to carry into effect Christ'- distinction 

 l'tween mere outward form and inward spirit, 

 and the eternal fact that it is in life as Goo 

 Ilim-clf has made it that the power and spirit of 

 the gospel ought to manifest itself. This specula- 

 tive theory is worked out in the first of the three 

 books of Hot he's unfinished work, Dir, Anfnui/r >/,r 

 Chrittlifhen Kirrhe (1837) the second and third 

 Ixioks are historical. His greatest work is his 

 TlifH/nrrim-tir. Klhik (3 vols. IK-4.1 4S ; L>d ed. com- 

 pleted by Iliilt/maiin from his papers, fi vols. 1889- 

 / 1 ), which supplements the preceding liook, liring 

 I on the same fundamental identity between 

 religion and morality, the starting -point Ix-ing the 

 idea of God involved in consciousness, and con 



