BM 



KOfMAMA 



KOUMELIA 



in her Unmade and cuatom*. The neUl con.liii.m 

 ol the midille mul upper chum bean tract* of the 

 HbartinaKt* of their Imrlmnuii iiini|Uerors of llic 

 MiMMtlnuui a> well an oi tin- i mi-tun i.nili. The 

 peasantry are a hanly and thrifty race, and in the 

 nigfaett circle* of society tin- influence f Queen 

 Cannen Sylvana* been tliroiixhoul IxMielicenl. A* 

 her marring left m> heir, the >iiee<--Mii t.. the 

 throoe panned t<i I'rince Ferdinand of ll.im-n/ollern 

 (born in 1865), tin- iie|.!i.- .,1 tin- kin-. 



ami f.itcmt lioiiinatiian (or Wai- 



lachian) u one of the Romance Ijiinguagt 1 * (<|.v. ), a 



daughter llf (In- Ijltin ; Illlt. llhill^ll till- language U 



iiniiii-tJikaUy Roinanif in tv|H-. (In- \iM-iilnilary in 

 mixed, the nnniher of Latin rootH I.ein- variously 

 eiti mated in in. in- ui lens than half of the total, 

 the next greatest element l-in^ Slavonic words 

 (amounting. according to mine niitlioiitii , to even 

 more than tin- l..uin nmi- i, with wiine hundreds 

 (if Turkish, Ureek, and AllNUiian words. M..-I 

 ItoiiniaiiiaiiH Hpeak what it prartirally the same 

 Unx'iiaRe the Daco-Koiiiimniaii ilirim^hout the 

 kiii.-'loin. in Tr.-in-ylvania. in the Banat, and other 

 DurUof Hiinxaiv, Hiikiiwina, and lieaarabia. The 

 Macetlo KiiiiinaiiiaM. Miutli of tin- Danube and 

 amount the Balkans and Pinduit, in largely nn>!i- 

 lied by Greek: and the Itr-Koiuuanian, spoken 

 by 2000 or .%(X) in iHtria and Croatia, lias been 

 niiirli Slavnnised. 



Kouniaiiian literature may he Raid to date from 

 the 17th century, though the lir.-t Kouiiianianbook, 

 a psalter, was printed in 1577. The chronicles of 

 the 17th rcntuiy are the earliext specimens of 

 national literature ; but Greek was long the lan- 

 ffnape of the educated, and it is only nince the 

 liejf inning of the 19th centurj- that there is a |H>|iul;tr 

 Koiiinanian literature, the most interesting part of 

 it being the mngii. Of these Alexandri (cj.v. ). him 

 -If tin- in.i-t noUihle of native Koiiniaiiian |....-i-. 

 made a full collection (1866). Oilier nann - an- 

 Alnxandreocu, Kiniin~-oii, and S<-lierliam>s<Mi. Tlii-n- 

 are German translation* by Carmen Sylva i<|.\.i, 

 Kotzebue, and others. Dorn I l-nia i - <;HIKA ) 

 wrote mainly in French. Among authorities on 



the language are Haodeu, Miklosich, Gaxter, and 

 Titkin, and there are histories of the literatim- l.y 

 Cii*riu, Densnsiann, Caster, 1'npliu, ami Pliilippida 

 (1894). Thegreat ilirtionarie-an- thoaeof Codnwo 

 (1875), Laurianii and Mawiniu, Di'tiotmrin/ii 

 I.imbfi Jiomtnif (2 volft. 1876-79), and Ha-.i.-n, 

 Etymologiciiiii Miigninn Rumania: ( parts i. and ii. 

 1885-02); and there are standard QkrMtMMtUM 

 ;.-r(newed. 1891 ) ami I'ompiliu. There are 

 Cernian translations ..I Ronnianian folktiili-s, JMH-IIIS, 

 ami onj;s by AllH-ii Sdioti ( 1845), \Vite Kremnitz 

 (1882-83). and Hudow (1888). 



See work* on Roumni in lioamanian by Aurt-linn, 

 Terra ffoitra < 1880) ; in French by Bcure and Hathorel 

 (1878), BUrmmberg (1886), nd Kley (1896); in German 

 by Henke (1877), Bergner (1887), and Benger (1896); 

 and in Kngliih by tin- presi-nt writer (18821 ai, Mi- 

 Walker (1HH8); the Histories by Laurunn 

 Haiideu (1874), Oofnlnieeano, Schinkai, Tocilencn, Vaca- 

 n-ncu, Hunniiiaki. Stourdra < 1886), Ac. ; Lnvcleye, The 

 Balkan I'rnuaiiln I trans. 1887), W. Millar, The Kalkaia 

 in the ' Story of the Nations ' geriel ( 1896 ). and other )>ook< 

 named t I: M.KAN PEMNHULA ; the Kouniaiiian official 

 statistic* ; and a long aeries of English consular report! 

 and lioard of Trade returns. 



Roilllianille. JOSEPH (1818-91), born at St 

 Kfiny ( Bottches-du- Rhone), was successively teacher, 

 printer's reader, and bookseller, and obtained the 

 fame of ln-inj; the greatest of modern l'r 

 PIM-IS. next after Mistral. Hewasone of the foumlers 

 of the association of the Felibres (see I'KUVKNCAI. 

 LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE). 



Ronmrlia (Turk. Rum Hi, 'land of the 

 Romans ' the inhabitants of the Western Koniiin 

 empire, or Byzantine Greeks, beinn known to the 

 Turku as ' Romans'), a name which once applied 

 p-nerally to the whole of ancient Thrace and pail. 



<! Ma Ionia. The province aptly enough called 



Eastern Houmelia is now incorporated with Bul- 

 garia (q.v. ). In central \nmRnm or /,'// means 

 the peonies of western Asia; but tlie Sultan of 

 Turkey is Jliim-1'ai/is/iri/i. In Turkey itself Hum 

 means now usually the Greek nation aiid the Greek 

 Church. 



XKD OF VOU VOL 



