ROUP 



ROUSSEAU 



Whether scrofulous or diphtheric, it is highly con- 

 tagious, and very seldom is any bird in a yard 

 attacked without nearly all the others being also 

 affected. The difference between ordinary cold 

 and roup is very easy to determine, though the 

 symptoms are in some respects the same. But 

 when it is merely cold the running at the eyes and 

 nostrils is not at all offensive, whereas it is strongly 

 so in the case of roup from scrofula, the breath being 

 mo-t repulsive. This fact, as well as the swelling 

 of the face, may be taken at once to determine 

 when it is roup. The cause may generally be 

 sought for in bad feeding, housing, or ventilation, 

 which have charged the blood with scrofulous 

 matter, and the outward symptoms are induced by 

 cold. When first noticed the birds affected .should 

 at once be isolated, in order to prevent the spreading 

 of the disease, which will speedily follow if all are 

 kept together. The treatment must be dual, namely 

 to cure the cold and to remove the scrofula from the 

 blood. For the former any of the roup pills sold 

 can be used, or it may be removed by homoeopathic 

 tincture of aconite given three or four times a day, 

 the birds being kept in a warm and draughtless 

 place. The scrofula is not so easily eradicated, and 

 will require patience. Ordinary -sized pills made 

 of powdered charcoal 10 parts, dried sulphate of j 

 iron 1 part, and capsicum 1 part, made up with 

 butter, and given twice a day, form an excellent 

 medicine, when the roup proper in its more active i 

 state is removed. To do this, however, it is desir- ! 

 able to clear the mouth, nostrils, and eyes from 

 the iimrus which accumulates there and which 

 will suffocate the bird if not removed. In milder 

 cases it is enough to wash the parts with vinegar 

 and water, but in more severe cases it is better to 

 use solution of chlorinated soda, as it is much more 

 effective. Should the nostrils be very full of mucus, 

 a small lient syringe should be filled with the solu- 

 tion, which must lie inserted into the slit in the 

 bird's mouth, through which the liquid is forced, 

 and will effectually clear the passages. It is most 

 essential in returning the birds to the house again 

 to see that they are entirely recovered. When 

 diphtheric roup is present the matter assumes a more 

 serious aspect, because of the danger not only to 

 other birds, but also to human beings, who have 

 been known to contract this fell disease from birds. 

 For that reason the greatest care must be taken, 

 and, except in the case of very valuable fowls, it is 

 much safer to kill those affected and burv tli'-m in 

 quicklime. The outward symptoms in diphtheric 

 ronp are not nearly so apparent at first sight, 

 because less prominent ; still, the bird is noticed to 

 be dull and lethargic. Unless checked the disease 

 runs its course in a few hours, and the bird dies. 

 Very ofti-n it is not known that diphtheric roup is 

 present until several deaths hare taken place. Its 

 presence is easily distinguished by the skin like 

 substance formed over the throat. Treatment is 

 doubtful, and Professor Whalley recommends that 

 it should take the heroic form of dabbing the 

 tliro:it with carbolic acid, which will kill or core. 



Ronp, in Scotland. See AUCTION. 



Rons. ]']: \NCIS, was born at Halton, Cornwall, 

 in l.'.T'.i. and educated in Oxford at Broadgate Hall, 

 now Pembroke College. He was a meml>cr of the 

 Lon;i Parliament, sat in the Westminster Assembly 

 of Divine*, and in 1643 was made provost of Eton. 

 He died at Acton, 7th January 1859, his writings 

 having been collected two years before. Wood 

 is abusive even beyond his wont to 'the old 

 illiterate Jew of aton ' and his 'enthusiastic 

 canting.' His metrical version of the Psalms was 

 recommended l>y the House of Commons to the 

 Westminster .\--<Mnlilv, and is still substantially 

 the Presbyterian Psalter. It is easy to abuse 



his version Sir Walter Scott's verdict was that, 

 though homely, it is ' plain, forcible, and intel- 

 ligible, and very often possesses a rude sort of 

 majesty, which perhaps would be ill exchanged for 

 mere elegance.' 



Rousseau, JEAN BAPTISTE, a great lyric poet 

 of France, was born at Paris, 6th April 1670, the 

 son of a shoemaker who gave him a sound educa- 

 tion. At an early age he became acquainted with 

 Boileau, and began to produce pieces for the theatre, 

 with but little success. Among his earliest patrons 

 were Breteuil and Tallard, and the latter carried 

 him in his suite to London. His turn for satire 

 soon brought him troubles as well as reputation, 

 and some lampoons upon the literary frequenters of 

 the Cafe Laurent, chief of whom were La Motte 

 and Saurin, brought down upon his head a quarrel 

 that distressed the remainder of his life. Defeated 

 bv La Motte in 1710 in his canvass forT. Corneille's 

 chair at the French Academy, he was soon after 

 taken bv everyliody for the author of a fresh series 

 of scurrilous and indecent couplets. He charged 

 Saurin with writing them and attempting to foist 

 the paternity upon him, and raised an action against 

 him. Failing to make good the charge, he found 

 himself in 1712 condemned in absence to perpetual 

 banishment par contumace. Henceforth he lived 

 abroad under the patronage of the Comte de Luc, 

 French aml>assador to Switzerland, and afterwards 

 of Prince Eugene and the Due d'Aremberg. At 

 Brussels he made the acquaintance of Voltaire, but 

 from a friend the latter soon became a bitter enemy. 

 Rousseau visited England, and there published in 

 1723 a new edition ofhis works. He was never suc- 

 cessful in getting his banishment annulled, although 

 once at least he visited Paris incognito. He died 

 at Brussels, March 17, 1741. Rousseau was not a 

 great, only a supremely clever poet His sacred 

 odes and "cantates are splendidly elaborate, frigid, 

 and artificial ; his epigrams, on the other hand, are 

 bright, vigorous, sharp, with stinging satire, and 

 unerring in their aim. 



Editions are by Ainar (1820) and A. de Latoor (1869). 

 See also his (Eurrts Lyriqutt, by Manuel (1852), and 

 Conta infditt, by Lozarche (Brussels, 1881). 



Rousseau, JEAN JACQUES, was born on June 

 28, 1712, in Geneva, where his family had been 

 settled since 1550, when Didier Rousseau, a French 

 Protestant, sought shelter from persecution. His 

 mother died immediately after his birth, and he was 

 left to the companionship of his father, Isaac Rous- 

 seau, a watchmaker and dancing-master, a man 

 selfish and sentimental, passionate, dissipated, and 

 frivolous. In 1722 his father having involved him- 

 self in a brawl fled the city to escape imprisonment, 

 and h'ft him to the charitable care of his relations. 

 When he was thirteen his uncle apprenticed him to 

 a notary, who soon found him utterly incompetent, 

 and sent him back as a fool ; and thereafter he was 

 apprenticed to an engraver, whose cruelty during 

 the three years he lived with him, he says, made 

 him stupid by tyranny, cunning from fear, and 

 wretched by ill-treatment One evening, having 

 rambled beyond the city walls till the gates were 

 closed, he was too terrified to face Ins master, 

 and resolved never to return, but to seek else- 

 where his fortune. Now, in 1728, began his 

 adventurous and vagrant career, for the details of 

 which his Confessions form our chief authority, 

 in which with picturesqueness and charming 

 vivacity, with marvellous frankness, if not with 

 scrupulous accuracy, he tells the story of his life. 

 As he wandered on he was entertained by a 

 priest of Savoy, eager for proselytes from heresy, 

 and Jean Jacques, pretending to be eager to 

 cx|ioiise the Catholic faith, was sent off to Madame 

 de \V (irens at Annecy, who should look after the 



