I 



ROUSSEAU 



KOVICO 



Voltaire, D'Alembert, ami I> Hnlluicli by it.- stiain 

 of religious fervour ami conviction, and horrified 

 Uir rluiich by it- scornful denial of orthodoxy and 

 uprrnaturalim. Meanwhile it kindled in France 

 a spirit of severest theism in-te.id "t cynical -o-i'ii 

 < i-ni or blank denial, nn.i in-piied Revolutionists 

 like Kpbe*pierre with tin- doctrine that belief in 

 s\ God U essential for society and the state. 



8a* Xuasvt-Pathay, Hutoirr de la fit cl let Ou rragtt tie 

 J. J. /femurau (1K!1); Streckeiaen Moulton, Jh>u,t,.,u: 

 Set AmUttr*Knma(\XK,t: St Mare (iiranlin, J. J. 

 JtnWMira, M Vie ft ttt Oumujtt (2 volit. ]s7~>i ; John 

 Mortey, AMUMa(2vols. Is: .:_..,; 1886); I:, itlmiid. 

 JtouMcaii au !"/ </r Tnirrn (1S7U) ; Morau, Jinumtm 

 et te Hi'flf PlttlotifHt ( 1KTU) ; IXinoiresU-nea, Koutttau 

 tt Voltairt (1874); Hcrnirrtt Annrtt tie Mtvlome 

 fKptitay, edited by Perry ami Maugrat ( 1881 ) ; the pres- 

 ent writer'* monograph m tin- 'Foreign I'Uuwicx' aerie* 

 (1883); Jansen, ituuttrau alt JfMtsr (1MB) | Mahrvn- 

 holu, Ronurau*Lrl*n(}>Wf.>i; M,.l.iii, ]tn,,,,,,mt Krank- 

 keUqieteJnditc (ltfi<9); Ma<li.<- ./. ll.ir, /,. ,( Jtutittcau, 

 by Francui* Mugnier (1MIU); Caiti-rrt, Kiiutftmt jwitpar 

 la Frnnraii tfAujuunfkui ( IMKi : Kouraeau's Ltttrei 

 Ittailet, edited by H. de Rothschild ( iw.'i ; Clm.iuet'g 

 atudy in the 'Grand Ecrivauu' series (1X03); besides 

 assays on Roil Mean a* a pedagogue by Quick and others. 



Rousseau. PIKKKK KTIKXXK THEODORE, one 



of the raont distinguished of the modern landscape- 

 painters of France, wax born in Paris on the 15th 

 April 1812, the son of a well -to -do merchant tailor 

 of the city, a native of Salines in the Jura. There 

 were several artists union;: his mother'.- kin-nirii ; 

 and one of these, Alexandra Pau de saini Martin, 

 having seen a landscape, ' The Signal Station on 

 Montmartre,' which the boy painted at the age.of 

 fourteen, gave him some instruction, and persuaded 

 his parents to abandon their intention of entering 

 their son at the Ecole Polytechniqne for an 

 engineer, and to place him, instead, under Kemond 

 the landscape-j>ainter. The classical ideal and 

 iiK'lhods of this artist were little to the liking of 

 hi- pupil, who next worked under Giiillon- Let Mere, 

 and in the Ecole des Ueanx-Art* : hut his l>est 

 teachers were the old masters in the Louvre, and 

 hi- happiest hours were those spent in sketching 

 from nature in th<- i-nviroiiH of Paris. In 1830 he 

 wan painting in Auvergne and Normandy, and he 

 studied htnd-4-tipi- in nearly every district of France; 

 bat by 1833 he had begun dBrteUng in the Forest 

 of Kontainehleau, which ever after was his favourite 

 painting ground, an<l where he finally settled, in 

 the village of It.ulii/.on, in 1848. He first exhibited 

 in the Salon of ls:tl, and in 1H.H4 his Border of the 

 Forest of Compii-gne' gained a third clans mexlal 

 and was IKMI^III liy the Duke d 'Orleans ; but in the 

 following \ear lii- 'Descent of Cows in Autumn,' 

 painteil in the Jura, afterwards purchased by Ary 

 nchelfer, and 'The Alley of Chestnut Trees',' one 

 of his finest works, were rejected in excellent 

 i-onipany through the influence of Itidaiill 

 and Kochette, the president and secretary of the 

 Academy. Some twelve years of more or (ess com- 

 plete neglect and discouragement followed, and 

 left such baneful e'l.-.-i, upon a mind naturally 

 proud and melancholic as may account for the 

 petulance and acerliily which marked certain pas- 

 ages of UouMteau's later life. Hut in IMS the 

 painters themselves assumed the management of 

 the Salon exhibitions; he was elected one of the 

 jury ; and in the following year he resumed exhibit- 

 ing, and gained a first-class medal. His works 

 were prominently lmn in the K\p.wition t'niver- 

 elle of 1855; as also in that of ISU7, when he was 

 president of the jury, and the only landscape- 

 painter who won a grand medal. Soon afterwards 

 ne was appointed an officer of the Legion of 

 Honour : hut In-fore he was decorated he had been 

 attacked by paralysis, and, after lingering six 

 ntli-. he died on the 22d of December 1867. 



Though KOII can was most delilierate in his art 

 methods, and would often keep his canvases hm^ 

 in hand, altering and retouching them, he was \. t 

 an exceedingly prolific, if a somew but unequal, 

 painter. At hi- best his works are characterised 

 nv true dignity and Originality of style, by 

 noble richness of colouring, and are informed by 

 deep sentiment and emotion. Hi- productions now 

 command immense prices, hi- ' F.arly Summer 

 Morning ' having solu in New York, at the Pro- 

 bosco sale in 1887, for (21, (KM). See Sensier, 

 Xmirriiir* de Theodore /i'<-.>../ i lsT'2); and D. C. 

 Thomson, The Hurl,,-,,,,, n,-l,nol ( 1890). 

 KoiisM-iucre. See KOULEHS. 



Kotisslllon. fonnerly a province of France, 

 surrounded by Languedoc, the Mediterranenn, the 

 Pyrenees, ami the county of Foix. It now forms 

 the French department of Pyrendes-Orientales. In 

 ancient times the capital was Hn-a-iiin. which stood 

 in the vicinity of the modern Perpignan. 



Koiith, MARTIN JOSEPH, was born of York- 

 shire ancestry at St Margaret's South Elmham, 

 Suffolk, on 18th September 1755. His father, a 

 clergyman, in 1758 settled as schoolmaster at 

 Beccfes, whence Martin in 1770 went up to Queen's 

 College, Oxford. In 1771 he was elected a demy, 

 in 1775 a fellow, and in 1791 president, of Magdalen. 

 He took deacon's orders in 1777, but priest's not 

 till 1810, when he was presented to the rectory of 

 Tylehurst, near Reading, worth 1000 a year ; ten 

 years later he married Lliza Agnes Blagrave ( 1790- 

 1869). He died at Magdalen, 22d December 1854, 

 in his hundredth year. 



A little shrunken figure, with ' such a wig as one 

 only sees in old pictures,' he had grown very deaf, 

 but till well after ninety retained nis eyesight and 

 marvellous memory, could walk six miles and climb 

 a stiftish hill, mount the library step, and study 

 till past midnight. Newman and Bancroft were 

 among his later friends and acquaintances; the 

 earlier had included Dr Parr, Samuel Johnson, and 

 Porson. He was a great patristic scholar when 

 patristic scholars were few, a Caroline churchman, 

 a liberal Tory, a lover of his dogs and canary anil 

 joke, a mighty book-buyer to the last his 16,000 

 volumes he bequeathed to Durham 1'niversity. 

 For just seventy years he was publishing, but bis 

 works number only six ; and two of these are edi- 

 tions of Unmet ( ' I know the man to be a linr, and 

 I am determined to prove him so'). He will be 

 remembered by his /.'t/u/ititi- Sacra: (5 vols. 1814-48), 

 but still more for his sage advice, ' Always verify 

 your references, sir.' And Dr Koulh it was who in 

 I'H.'t induced Dr Seabury of New York to apply for 

 con.-ceiation as bishop of Connecticut, not to the 

 Diini-h Church, but to the Scottish episcopate. 

 See liurgon's Lives of Twelve Good Men (1888). 



Rovrrcdo. a town of the Austrian Tyrol, 

 stand- close to the left bank of the Adige, 14 miles 

 S. of Trent by rail. It has been since (he 15th 

 century tin centie of the. Tyrolese silk industry ; it 

 has aUo leather and tobacco tactories, and carries 

 on an active transit trade. Pop. 8864. Here the 

 French defeats! the Austrians, September 3-4, 1796. 

 Ito-niini was lx>rn here in 1797. See licit. -in/a, 

 M'-I-HI <H Roveredo (1883). 



Rovlffno, a seaport of Austria, stands on the 

 we-t side of the peninsula of Istria, opposite the 

 mouth of the Po and 40 miles S. by AV. of Trieste. 

 The neighbourhood produces olive-oil and the best 

 Istrian wine. The tunny and sardine fisheries, 

 with oil-pressing and the preparation of pastes and 

 tolwceo, are the chief industries. Pop. 97'22. 



RoviffO, a city in Italy, 27 miles by rail S. of 

 Padua, has a cathedral (1696), an academy of 

 sciences, a library of 80,000 volumes, and a picture 



