12 



KOYAL ACADEMY 



ROYAL FAMILY 



Ubonra connected with the work extended from 

 July 1787 till Sp| iti'iii UT 1788, when he returned 

 to London in ill-health, which necessitated his 

 removal to the warmer latitude of Lislton in the 

 winter of 1789 ; but he returned to London, and 

 died there suddenly, 30th June 1790. In 1767 Roy 

 wan elected a Fellow of the Koyal Society, to whose 

 Transactions he contributed, in 1777, ' Experiment* 

 made in Britain to obtain a Rule for Measuring 

 Heights with the Barometer. ' He had also during 

 survey work in Scotland (1704) paid particular 

 attention to the camps and other Roman remains 

 in that country, and nis Military Antiquities oftlte 

 Romans in Britain was published in 1793 by the 

 Society of Antiquaries. Roy wan also surveyor- 

 general of the coasts of Great Britain. 



See two article* in the Proc. Sac. Antiquaries Scot. 

 (L p. 147, 1855; and U. p. 562, 1873). 



Royal Academy. Previous to the founda- 

 tion of the Royal Academy various more or less 

 successful attempts had been made in England to 

 raise the status of artiste, to consolidate their aims 

 and efforts, to provide means for presenting their 

 works to the public, and to fumi-h systematic art 

 instruction. The succession of art schools from 

 Kneller to Shipley is given at ART INSTRUCTION 

 (Vol. I. p. 456). In 174."i Hogarth and others, with 

 the view of making their works known, presented 

 certain of them to the Foundling Hospital. The 

 public having been greatly attracted, they, in 

 1760, opened a free exhibition in the rooms of 

 the Society of Arts ; and, in the following year, a 

 series of exhibitions was begun in Spring Gardens, 

 and its promoters, styled 'The Incorporated Society 

 of Artiste of Great Britain,' received a royal 

 charter in 1765. Disputes having arisen, twenty- 

 nine members of this society (not according to 

 Redgrave twenty-two only, as stated by Sandby ) 

 memorialised George III. to establish an academy 

 for the encouragement of the arts of design, and 

 the plan they submitted having been approved, 

 the ' Royal Academy of Arts in London ' was 

 founded, 10th December 1768. The ' Instrument ' 

 of foundation provided for forty academicians, 

 from whom the president and other officials, in- 

 cluding professors of fine art in its various branches, 

 should be elected ; and annual exhibitions were 

 stipulated for, their proceeds to be devoted to the 

 aid of indigent artists and to the support of the 

 Academy. In 1769 a class of twenty associates 

 (to have no share in the government of the body, a 

 restriction since modified ) was created, and also a 

 class of six associate-engravers, on the same footing, 

 excepting that they were ineligible for election as 

 academicians, a restriction now withdrawn. In 

 1780 George III. assigned rooms to the academy 

 in Somerset House, and during twelve years he 

 contributed 3116 to its funds from the privy purse. 

 As tersely stated by Redgrave, ' the strength of 

 the new institution consisted in its- combining, 

 under a well-framed code of laws, the most esteemed 

 artiste of the day, empowered to manage their own 

 allairs.' Thirty-nine artiste are named in the 

 instrument of incorporation, including Reynolds, 

 Gainsborough, and Richard Wilson, and ten of them 

 were foreigners ; Sir Joshua was, by acclamation, 

 elected the tirst president. The management and 

 result* of the Royal Academy formed the subject of 

 parliamentary inquiry In 1H33-36, and in 1863. See 

 Sandby ' Ilisturti of the Royal Anulnny ( 1SG2). 



The Royal Hibernian Academy was founded by 

 charter in 1823, consisting of fourteen academicians 

 and ten associates, and ita first president, Francis 

 Johnston, presented ground and erected buildings 

 thereon for the use of the body. 



Thi> Scotti-h Aeaili-my, the successor of such 

 exhibiting bodies as the society of 'Associated 



Artiste' and the Royal Institution, was founded in 

 1826, under the presidentship of George \V; at son, 

 consisting of thirty academicians anil sixteen 

 associates (the latter increased in 1830 to twenty). 

 In 1838 it received 11 charter, entitling it to il.e 

 style of 'The Koyiil Srotiisli Academy of Painting, 

 Sculpture, and Architecture;' and in 1891 a supple- 

 mentary charter was granted, admitting associates 

 to a share in the management of the body, and 

 removing any limit to their niiinl.ei > ( but providing 

 that only twenty shall participate in the pension 

 fund), and granting extended powers for dealing 

 with nun resident and non-exhibiting members. 

 See Sir G. Harvey's Notes of the Early History of 

 the Royal Scottish Aratlemy (2*1 ed. 1878). 



Royal Academy of Music, the name first 

 given in England to an association for performing 

 operas, mainly those of Handel, founded by the 

 king and the principal nobility and gentry of the 

 country, which survived for but a few years. The 

 well-known educational institute now bearing the 

 name was founded in 1823 by Lord Btirghersh 

 ( 1784-1859, afterwards eleventh Earl of Westmor- 

 land, and not less distinguished as a musician than 

 as soldier and diplomatist ), who saw with regret 

 the great disadvantages under which natives of 

 Great Britain suffered as compared with those of 

 foreign countries in respect of musical education. 

 The institution, which received a charter in 1830, 

 was designed to give concerts as well as to provide 

 musical education ; and it has instructed many of 

 the leading instrumentalists and vocalists of both 

 sexes. Since its re-constitution in 1866 the most 

 distinguished principals have been Sir George 

 Macfarren (1876-87) and Dr A. C. Mackenzie 

 (appointed 1888). The Royal Academy of Music 

 is distinct from the Royal College of Music (see 

 CONSERVATOIRE ), though allied with it for pro- 

 moting musical education throughout the country 

 by means of an Associated Board.' 



Royal Assent. See PARLIAMENT ; and for 

 royal prerogative, &c., see SOVEREIGN, WARRANT, 

 SUPREMACY, COMMISSIONS, CHARTER, BOUNTY. 

 HOUSEHOLD, HUMANE SOCIETY. For the Iloyal 

 Arms, see HERALDRY; also CIVIL LIST, SOCIETIES. 



Royal Family. By the law of Englaml nival 

 rank is conceded to the wife or husband, children 

 or other descendants, and collateral relatives of the 

 sovereign. For the position and rights of a Queen- 

 consort or Queen-dowager, see the article QUEEN. 

 The hiisl>and of a reigning queen does not acquire 

 any share in her prerogative rights, but it is usual 

 t<i grant him special precedence; King Philip and 

 William III. were associated in title and power 

 with their wives by act of parliament. Of the 

 sovereign's children the eldest son is, of course, 

 heir-apparent ; he is born Duke of Cornwall, and 

 he is always created Prince of Wales (q.v.). The 

 Prince ana Princess of Wales and the Princess 

 Royal (the eldest daughter of the sovereign) are 

 within the protection ofthe statute of Edward III. 

 relating to Treason (q.v.). An heir-presumptive 

 to the throne has no special rank or precedence as 

 such. The younger children of the sovereign take 

 rank after tiie heir-apparent ; by a statute of 1540 

 a place is assigned to them at the side of the cloth 

 of estate in tire parliament chamber ; it is custom- 

 ary to confer peerages on all the younger sons. On 

 a reference by George II. to the House of Lords it 

 was held that Edward, Duke of York, second son of 

 the Prince of Wales, was entitled to a place among 

 the king's children. Members of the royal family 

 enjoy considerable privileges ; they pay no tolls or 

 duties, and they are exempted from succession 

 duty and some other taxes. 



In order to protect the succession to the crown 

 against the dangers which might arise from unsuit- 



