ROYAN 



RUBEFACIENTS 



15 



tax paid to the king for lands or to a superior as re- 

 presenting the crown ; but most familiar nowadays 

 in two derived senses of modified signification. 

 Royalty is the term for the sum paid on minerals 

 removed from a mine, not necessarily to the crown, 

 but to the landlord, on the theory that the landlord 

 owns the soil to the centre of the earth, and accord- 

 ingly all the minerals found beneath his land ( see 

 MINING). This burden is frequently regarded as 

 a grievance, and its abolition, with or without 

 compensation, advocated by advanced politicians. 

 Another sense of the word is the sum paid to the 

 holder of a patent, by percentage for each article 

 manufactured under the patent, or for the use of 

 patent articles hired out by the patentee (see 

 PATENTS). 



Roy ail. a small seaport of France (dept. Char- 

 en te-Inferieure), stain Is on the north side of the 

 estuary of the Gironde, 60 miles NW. of Bordeaux. 

 It is one of the most frequented seaside places on 

 the Atlantic coast of France, attracting 20,000 

 visitors every year. Its people catch sardines 

 (called royans locally). There are beautiful woods, 

 a museum, a casino, &c. Pop. 5629. 



Royal, a watering-place in the French depart- 

 ment of 1'uy de Dome, occupies a beautiful site 

 3 rnili-i SW. of Clermont-Ferrand, and has numer- 

 ous chalybeate, alkaline, and arsenical springs, 

 (80-95 F.), the waters of which have been used 

 since Roman limes. Pop. 1499. 



Roy Bareilly. See RAI BARELI. 



Royer-t'ollard, I'IKHRE PAUL, a French 

 statesman, was bom 21st June 1763, at Sompuis 

 (dept. Mame). On the outbreak of the Revolution 

 he was elected a member of the municipality of 

 Paris, and from 1790 to 1792 acted as joint-secre- 

 tary. Having incurred the enmity of the Jacobins, 

 he lived in hiding at Sompuis during the Reign of 

 Terror. Three years afterwards (1797) chosen to 

 the Council of the Five Hundred, he took an active 

 part in the work of that assembly, until the 18th 

 Fructidor. In 1811 he was appointed professor of 

 Philosophy in Paris, and exercised an immense 

 influence on the philosophy of France. Rejecting 

 the purely sensuous system of Condillac, he igave 

 special prominence to the principles of the Scot- 

 tish school (see SCOTTISH PHILOSOPHY) of Reid 

 and Stewart. Strongly ' spiritualist ' as opposed 

 to materialism, he originated the ' Doctrinaire ' 

 school, of which Jonffroy and Cousin were the chief 

 representatives. He was appointed president of 

 the Commission of Public Instruction in 1815, but 

 resigned that post in 1820 ; in 1815 also he re- 

 turned to political life as deputy for the depart- 

 ment of Marne. The French Academy opened its 

 doors to him in 1827 ; and in 1828 he was named 

 president of the Charnlier of Representatives, and 

 in that capacity presented the address of the 221 

 deputies (March 1830) withdrawing their support 

 fniiii the government, which the king refused to 

 hear read. Next day the Chamber was prorogued. 

 From 1842 Royer-Collard completely withdrew from 

 public life; he died, 4th September 1845, at his 

 country seat of Chateauvieux, near St Aignan 

 (Loir-et-Cher). His salon was latterly the resort 

 of such men as Cousin, Guizot, De Broglie, Casimir 

 Pcrier, Villemain, De Remusat, and others. He 

 never was a writer, and he became a philosopher 

 only by accident: his true interest in life was 

 politics, his real eminence as a political orator after 

 the ancient pattern, rather than that of the modern 

 parliamentary debater. His idea of the monarchy 

 was Utopian : the famous charte was found imprac- 

 ticable as the sheet-anchor of liberty ; even his best 

 tpeeche*, triumphs of dialectic as they often were, 

 fell short of the effect that seemed secure, whether 

 because ever in human things facts overturn the 



conclusions of reason, or because reason does nob 

 reach the profound depths in which are generated 

 the opinions of men, to wit, their passions and 

 their interests. 



See the biographies by Philippe (1857) and Barante 

 ( new ed. 1878 ), the latter mainly a collection of its 

 subject's speeches ; also Scherer's tildes sur la Litt. 

 t'ontemp. vol. i., and Fagnet, Politiques et Monarchistes 

 <lu XIX' SHcle (1891). 



Kovtoil. a town of Lancashire, 2 miles NNW. 

 of Oldham, with large cotton-factories. Pop. 

 ( 1851 ) 6974 ; ( 1891 ) 13,395. 



RshefT, or RJEV, a town of European Russia, 

 on the Volga, 135 miles NW. of Moscow, is a river- 

 port with a very extensive transit trade in agri- 

 cultural produce, collected from the governments 

 of Orel, Kaluga, and Smolensk, and sent to Riga 

 and St Petersburg. Hemp is spun and boats are 

 built. Pop. 35,810. 



Kuahoil. a town of Denbighshire, 4.'. miles 

 SSW. of Wrexham, with collieries and ironworks. 

 Pop. of parish ( 1851 ) 11,507; (1891) 17,609. 



Rliatan , or RATTAN, a long, narrow island in 

 the Bay of Honduras in the Caribbean Sea, belong- 

 ing since 1860 to the republic of Honduras. Area, 

 106 sq. in. ; estimated pop. 2000, mostly Negroes. 



Rllbasse, a mineral prized for ornamental uses, 

 is rock-crystal, limpid or slightly amethystine, 

 filled internally with minute Drown spangles of 

 specular iron, which reflect a bright red, equal to 

 that of the most brilliant ruby. There is an arti- 

 ficial rubasse, made by heating very pure rock- 

 crystal red hot, and repeatedly plunging it into a 

 coloured liquid. 



Kilhlllc. a common kind of masonry, in which 

 the stones are irregular in size and shape. Walls 

 faced with ashlar are generally packed with nibble 

 at the back. Rubble is of various kinds, accord- 

 ing to the amount of dressing given to the stones. 

 Common rubble is built with stones left almost as 

 they come from the quarry. Hammer-dressed 

 rubble is so called when the stones are squared 

 with the mason's hammer; coursed rubble, when 

 the stones are squared and equal in height, &c. 



RiilM'farients are external agents employed in 

 medicine for the purpose of stimulating, and conse- 

 quently reddening, the part to which they are applied. 

 All agents which, after a certain period, act as 

 Blisters (q.v.) may be made to act as rubefacients, 

 if their time of action is shortened. The mildest 

 rubefacients are hot poultices, cloths soaked in very 

 hot water, moderately stimulating liniments as, 

 for example, soap-liniment, with various propor- 

 tions of liniment of ammonia, or chloroform, &c. 

 Spanish fly, in the form of Emplastrum Calefaciens, 

 or warm plaster, in which the active ingredient is 

 blunted by the free admixture of soap-plaster, 

 resin-plaster, &c., is a good form of this class of 

 agents. Capsicum or Cayenne pepper, in the form 

 of a poultice, is an excellent ruoefacient ; it is 

 much used in the West Indies, but is seldom em- 

 ployed in this country. Mustard, in the form of 

 Cataplasma Sinapis, or mustard poultice, and oil 

 of turpentine are perhaps the best of the ordinary 

 rubefacients. The former is applied to the soles of 

 the feet and the calves of the legs in the low stage 

 of typhus fever, in apoplexy and coma, in narcotic 

 poisoning, &c. It is also applied to the chest, with 

 much advantage, in many cases of pulmonary and 

 cardiac disease, and to the surface of the abdomen 

 in various affections of the abdominal viscera. The 

 best method of employing turpentine is to sprinkle 

 it freely on three or four folds of clean flannel, 

 wrung out of boiling water. The sprinkled surface 

 of this pad is placed upon the skin, and a warm 

 dry towel is laid over the flannel. Two or three 

 such applications will produce a powerful rube- 



