

KUDD 



R udd. See RED-EYE. 



Rudder. See STEERING. 



Rudder-fish, a name loosely applied to at 

 least three different kinds of fish, of which the 

 Pilot-fish (q.v.) is one. 



Rnddimail. THOMAS, Latin grammarian, was 

 born near Banff in 1674, and in 1690 gained a 

 bursary at King's College, Aberdeen, taking his 

 M.A. four years later. In 1695 he became parish 

 schoolmaster of Laurencekirk, and here in 1699 

 accidentally made the acquaintance of the cele- 

 brated physician and Latinist, Dr Archibald 

 Pitcairne, who was so impressed with his learn- 

 ing and sagacity that he got him appointed 

 assistant-keeper of the Advocates' Library, Edin- 

 burgh. His new office gave him ample oppor- 

 tunity for prosecuting his favourite studies, out 

 the remuneration was so small (i'8, 6s. 8d. per 

 uiiHinii) that, in 1707, he started business as a 

 book auctioneer. In that year he edited Florence 

 Wilson's Latin Dialogue OH the Tranquillity of 

 the Mind, to which he prefixed a life of the author ; 

 in 1709 Arthur Johnston's Poetical Paraphrase of 

 the -Song of Solomon and Cantica both also in 

 Latin. In 1714 appeared his well-known Rudiments 

 of the Latin Tongue ; in 1715 his great edition of 

 Buchanan's works. He now exchanged the calling 

 of a book auctioneer for the more congenial one of 

 printer : and in 1728 he was appointed printer to 

 the university, in 1730 principal keeper of the 

 Advocates' Library. In 1725-32 he published his 

 great Grammatical Latino; Institutiones, on which 

 bis philological reputation mainly rests; in 1739 

 he completed Anderson's magnificent Diplomata et 

 inata Scotia;, writing the learned Latin 

 introduction and appendices. Controversy as to 

 the respective merit of the Latin verse of Johnston 

 and Buchanan, and as to the hereditary ri<;lit of 

 the kings of Scotland to the crown, consumed a 

 great part of his time, but did not so preoccupy his 

 thoughts as to prevent him from publishing inl7.">l 

 an edition of I, ivy, still known as the ' immaculate,' 

 from its entire exemption from errors of the press. 

 Ruddiman died in Edinburgh, January 19, 1757. 

 He was in politics, like his friend Pitcairne, an 

 ardent Jacoliite, and in private life a most 

 upright and estimable man. Besides the pnblica- 

 ilready noted, and a multitude of minor 

 tract*, he edited Gawin Douglas' translation of 

 the .F.neid, and appended a very valuable glossary 

 (folio, 1710). He also founded the Caledonian 

 See his Life by George 



a town of Prussia, on the right 



bank of the Rhine, opposite Bingen, at the foot of 

 the Niederwald (q.v.), and 16 miles W. of Mainz. 

 Bound Riidesheim is grown one of the most 

 esteemed of the Rhine- wines, the Rudesheiiner 

 Pop. 4040. 



Rudolf, or RUDOLPH, German king and founder 

 of the present imperial dvnasty of Austria, was 

 Wn in Liinhnrg castle in the Breisgau, on 1st 

 May 1218. He liecame a wartn partisan of 

 ;'-k II., distinguished himself in arms, and 

 spent much of the early years of his manhood in 

 quarrels with the bishops of Basel and Strasburg. 

 Cessions were greatly increased by inherit- 

 ed by his marriage, until he was the most 

 powerful prince in Swabia. In 1273 the electors 

 chose him to be German king; as never having 

 been crowned by the pope, he was not entitled to 

 be called kaiser or emperor. His accession wag 

 1 by none; the pope's consent was secured 

 at tin- price of certain rights already parted with 

 lolf's predecessors. Ottocar of Bohemia, 

 however, refused to tender his allegiance. He was 

 put under the ban of the empire in 1276, but, snb- 



RUE 



19 



newspaper. 

 Chalmers (1794). 



mitting on Rudolf's approach with an army, was 

 invested with Bohemia. Having soon afterwards 

 taken the field against his suzerain, he was 

 defeated and slain in 1278 at Marchfeld beside the 

 Danube. Rudolf spent the greater part of his life 

 that remained in suppressing the castles of the 

 robber knights and putting an end to their lawless 

 practices. He died at Spires, 15th July 1291, 

 and was buried in the cathedral there. His son 

 Albert, to whom (and his brother Rudolf) Austria, 

 Styria, and Carniola had been given in 1278, 

 succeeded him as German king. Rudolf was a 

 pattern knight, tall in person, upright, pious, 

 valiant, and energetic. See Lives by Schonhuth 

 (1844), Kopp (1845), and Him (1874); Lorenz, 

 Deutsche Geschichte in IS. und 14. Jahrhundert 

 ( 1863-67 ) ; and a work by Kaltenbrunner ( Prague, 

 1890). 



Rudolf II., eldest son of the Emperor Maxi- 

 milian II., was born at Vienna on 18th July 1552, 

 and educated at the Spanish court by the Jesuits. 

 He was made king of Hungary in 1572, king of 

 Bohemia, with the title King of the Romans, in 

 1575, and on the death of his father in 1576 suc- 

 ceeded to the imperial crown. Gloomy, taciturn, 

 bigoted, indolent both in body and" mind, he 

 put himself in the hands of the Jesuits and low 

 favourites, and left the empire to govern itself. 

 His attention was given to his curiosities, his 

 stable, his alchemical and magical studies; never- 

 theless his taste for astrology and the occult 

 sciences, and his desire to discover the philosopher's 

 stone, made him extend his patronage to Kepler 

 and Tycho Brahe. The astronomical calculations 

 l*giin by Tycho, and continued by Kepler, known 

 as The Kudol/ihine Tables, derive their name from 

 this emperor. Meanwhile the Protestants were 

 bitterly persecuted by the Jesuits throughout the 

 empire; the Turks invaded Hungary and defeated 

 the archduke Maximilian (1596); Transylvania 

 and Hungary rose in revolt ; and at last Rudolfs 

 brother Matthias wrested from him the crowns of 

 Hungary and Bohemia, and the states of Austria 

 and Moravia. Less than a year after losing the 

 crown of Bohemia he died, unmarried, on 20th 

 January 1612, and was succeeded by Matthias. See 

 works by Gindely ( 1865) and Von Bezold ( 1885). 



Rudolf, LAKE, an equatorial sea in British East 

 Africa, near the edge of the Kaffa or South Ethio- 

 pian highlands, is long and narrow, stretching 160 

 miles IS E. and SW. by 20 broad, with an area of 

 3000 s<|. m., at a height of 1300 feet above the sea. 

 It is crossed by 4 NT }at. and 35 E. long. It has 

 no visible outlet, and its waters are very brackish. 

 It was discovered by Count Teleki in 1888. See 

 his Discovery of Lakes Rudolf aud Stephanie ( Enc. 

 trans. 1894). 



Rlldolxtadt, the chief town of the German 

 principality of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, lies in a 

 lill-girt valley, on the left Iwnk of the Saale, 18 

 miles 8. of Weimar. There are two royal castles, 



a library, picture-gallery, &c., and factories for 

 porcelain, chemicals, and wool. Pop. (1890) 12,247. 

 Rlldra is, in Vedic mythology, a collective 

 name of the gods of the tempest, or Maruts. In 

 later and Puranic mythology Riidra ( 'the terrible ') 

 is a name of Siva, and the Rudras are his off- 

 pring. 



Rue (Ruta), a genus of plants of the natural 

 order Rutacese. The species are half-shrubby plants, 

 natives of the south of Europe, the north of Africa, 

 the Canary Isles, and the temperate parts of Asia. 

 Common Rue, or Garden Rue (R. graveolens), 

 jfrows in sunny stony places in the countries 

 near the Mediterranean. It has greenish-yellow 

 Howers, the first of which that open have ten 

 stamens, the others eight only ( they are of unequal 



