RUGBY 



RUGEN 



21 



Rllgby, a town giving name to the south-east 

 division of Warwickshire, of which it stands at 

 the northern corner, is situated at the junction of 

 several railways in the middle of country such as 

 George Eliot describes in Felix Holt. By rail it is 

 83 miles NW. of London and 30 ESE. of Birming- 

 ham. At the foot of the hill on which it stands 

 the Swift gave John Wyclif 's ashes to the Avon ; 

 close by at Ashby and at Diinclmrch the Gun- 

 powder Plot was hatched ; the battlefield of Naseby 

 was visited by Carlyle from its schoolhonse in 1842 

 a few days before" Arnold's death ; it is within 

 a drive of Stratford-on-Avon, Coventry, Kenil- 

 , worth. It is at once the centre of a great hunting 

 district and the seat of a public school. This prob- 

 , ably accounts for the large number of residential 

 houses there. John Moultrie (q.v.) was long rector 

 of the parish. Pop. ( 1851 ) 6317 ; ( 1891 ) 1 1,262. 



The school was founded in 1567 by Lawrence 

 Sheriff, a grocer and a staunch supporter of Queen 

 Elizabeth, by a gift of property in Manchester 

 Square, London. After maintaining its position 

 for some time as a good school for the Warwick- 

 shire gentry and a few others, specially under Dr 

 James and Dr Wool, it became of national reputa- 

 tion under Dr Arnold, who in raising his school 

 raised at the same time the dignity of his whole 

 profession. Since his time the school has never 

 lacked able teachers, remarkable for independence 

 of mind. When Arnold died in 1842, Archbishop 

 Tail succeeded him, having as coadjutors Lord 

 Lingen, Dean Bradley, Principal Shairp, Thomas 

 KVIUH. Theodore Walrond, Bishop Cotton. Dean 

 Goulburn ( 1850-58 ) had as an assistant the 

 future Archbishop Benson. The next heads were 

 Dr Temple (1857-69), afterwards Archbishop of 

 Canterbury ; Dr Hayman ( 1869-74) ; Dr Jex-Blake 

 (1874-87); Dr Percival (1887-95), afterwards 

 iishop of Hereford ; and Dr H. A. James (since 

 1895). The Public Schools Commission reported 

 of Rugby in Dr Temple's days that the general 

 teaching of classics was absolutely unsurpassed ; 

 that Rugby School was the only public school in 

 which physical science was a regular part of the 

 curriculum ; that only Harrow had done as much 

 as Rugby in awakening interest in history. Having 

 secured this tribute for his teaching and having 

 collected enough money to rebuild the chapel, to 

 erect a gymnasium, and to build new schools, Dr 

 Temple was succeeded by Dr Hayman. To him 

 succeeded Dr Jex-Blake, who inaugurated a still 

 greater building era. When he resigned in 1887 

 he left behind him a school simply unrivalled 

 in its appointments. He was succeeded by Dr 

 Percival. Of illustrious Rugbeians may be named 

 the poete Landor, Clough, and Matthew Arnold ; 

 Dean Stanley, who had the rare privilege of 

 recording the work of his great head master in 

 biography; Judge Hughes, who did the same 

 equally felicitously in Tom Brown's School-days 

 Dean Vaugjian, Lord Derby, Lord Crow, Mr 

 Goschen, Sir R. Temple, Franck Bright and York 

 1 owell the historians, Justice Bowen, Sir W. 

 Pslliser, ProfeMor Si.lgwirk, Robinson Ellis and 

 Arthur Sidgwick, C. Stuart- Wortley, and Arthur 

 Acland. From Rugby went the first head-master 

 to Mmj-lboroogh, Wellington, Clifton, Haileybury, 

 Fettes foil-.'.-, and Newcastle HighSchool. Mi-i,',,, 

 work found its Rugby worker in Fox, in whose 

 ni.-m.iry the school still keeps up a missionary at 

 Mosulipatam. The learned author of Gothic Archi- 

 <'>>; Matthew H. Bloxam, was taught and lived 



Rugbv, when h>: di<-d in 1888, leaving his valu- 



B collection of antiquities and books to the 

 school. The school possesses an olervatory, given 

 by Archdeacon Wilson, and the Natural 'History 

 oporto, written by members of the school, have 

 often been of exceptional value. 



See. besides Stanley's Life of A rnold and Tom Broicn's 

 School-days, The Book of 'Rugby School, edited by Dean 

 Goulburn (1856) ; M. H. Bloxam and Rev. W. H. Payne 

 Smith, Rugby: lit School and Neighbourhood 1889); 

 Rugby School Registers, 1567-188? ( 1881-91 ) ; A. Rimmer, 

 Rambles round Rugby ( 1892 ) ; W. H. D. Rouse, A History 

 of Rugby School (Public Schools series, 1898). 



Rugby, TENNESSEE. See HUGHES (THOMAS). 



Rllge, ARNOLD, German writer, was born at 

 Bergen on the island of Riigen, on 13th September 

 1802, studied philosophy at Jena and Halle, and 

 took such a warm interest in the Burschenschaft 

 (q.v.) agitations of 1821-24 as to bring down upon 

 himself a sentence of six years' imprisonment in a 

 fortress. After his release he taught at Halle, 

 from 1832 as a privat-docent at the university. 

 Along with Echtermeyer he founded in 1837 the 

 critical journal Hallescne Jahrbitcher ( later Deutsche 

 Jahrbucher), which as the organ of Young Ger- 

 many and the Young Hegelian School filled an in- 

 fluential place in the world of letters. Its liberal 

 political tendencies drew upon it the condemnation 

 of the Prussian censor, and after an attempt to 

 transplant it to Dresden, thwarted by the censor- 

 ship, Ruge withdrew to Paris. After spending 

 some years there and in Switzerland, he started a 

 bookseller's business in Leipzig, until the stormy 

 revolutionary movement of 1848 drew him into it's 

 vortex. He published the democratic journal Die 

 Reform, took his seat in the Frankfort parliament 

 for Breslan, attended the Democratic Congress in 

 Berlin, and took part in the disturbances at Leipzig 

 in May 1849. In the following year he found it 

 expedient to repair to England. In London he 

 organised along with Mazzini and Ledru-Rollin the 

 Central European Democratic Committee, but in 

 1850 withdrew to Brighton, where he lived by 

 teaching and writing. For the services he rendered 

 the Prussian government, by supporting it against 

 Austria in 1866 and against France in 1870, he was 

 rewarded with a yearly pension of 150. He died 

 at Brighton on 31st December 1880. A thorough 

 doctrinaire, Ruge advocated a universal democratic 

 state, of which the several nations should be pro- 

 vinces, and put cosmopolitan dreams above national 

 ideals. I'nst.-ilile by nature, he readily changed 

 his |H>litical opinions ; and he was intemperate in 

 language, and brimful of the shallow humours 

 and: prejudices of a little nature. Rnge wrote 

 numerous books, plays, novels, &c., including the 

 outlines of a GescAichte unserer Zeit (1881), Mani- 

 fest an die Deutsche Nation (1866), his autobio- 

 graphy in Ausfruherer Zeit (4 vols. 1863-67), and 

 translations into German of Buckle's History of 

 Civilisation, the Letters of Junius, Bnlwer's Lord 

 Palmerston, &c. See Ruge's Brieftcechsel, &c., 

 ed. by Nerrlich (2 vols. 1885-86). 



Rllgeley, a market-town of Staffordshire, on 

 the Trent, 10 miles ESE. of Stafford. It has good 

 public buildings (1879), a grammar-school, iron- 

 works, and neighbouring collieries. Pop. ( 1851 ) 

 3054; (1881)4249; (1891)4181. 



Rflgen. an Island of Prussia, lies in the Baltic, 

 off the coast of Hither Pomerania. Greatest length, 

 33 miles ; greatest breadth, 25 miles ; area, 374 

 H|. ni. Pop. (1895) 46,732. It is separated from 

 the mainland by a strait about a mile in width. 

 The island, which is deeply indented by the sea, 

 terminates at the north-eastern extremity in the 

 precipitous cliff called the Stubbenkammer ( 400 feet ). 

 Erratic boulders are common all over the island. 

 Numerous barrows exist. Hertlia Lake is believed 

 to be the place where, according to Tacitus, the 

 ancient Germanic goddess Hertha ( Earth ) was wor- 

 shipped. The soil is productive, and yields good 

 wheat ; cattle are reared ; and fishing is carried on. 

 The scenery, everywhere pleasing, is frequently 

 romantic, and, together with the facilities for 



