RUHMKOUFF 



Kl'M 



aa-bathing, attract* numerous visitors. Chn>f 

 town. Bergen (pop. 3761), in the mi. 1. lit- of the 

 island. Kugen WM occupied originally by Ger- 

 manic tribes, then by Slavs, was conquered by the 

 Danes in 1 168, threw off their supremacy in 1209, 

 and formed an independent prinri|uility until 1478, 

 when it WM incorporated with Ponierania (q.v.). 



KiilimkorflT, HKISRICII DAMKL, electrician, 

 born at Hanover in 1803, in LMPMttM in Paris, 

 and died there -'Kt December 1877. Hi- Induction 

 Coil, exhibited in 1833, U described and figured in 

 Vol. VI. p. 129. 



Knllllken, DAVID, classical philologist, was 

 bora '-'.I January 1723 at Stolpe, in Pomerania, 

 received hi- education at Konigsberg, at \Vittcn 

 berg University, and at Leyden under Hemsterhuis, 

 who taught him Greek. Ruhnken's first works 

 were to prepare a new edition of Plato, to collect 

 the scholia on that author, and publish an edition 

 of Timasus' Lexirvti I'orum Platoiiirarum ( Leydrn, 

 17.V1 : i miu-li improved edition. ITS'.t). In 1755 he 

 went to Paris, anil spent a whole year there examin- 

 ing the MSS. of llif Royal Library iui.l of the Library 

 M Germain. Heiiisterhuis then got him ap- 

 pointed assistant to himself (1757) at Leyden. In 

 1761 he succeeded Oudendorp in the chair of 

 Eloquence and History. In 1774 he succeeded 

 Gronovius as librarian to the university, which 

 he enriched with a multitude of valuable books 

 and M>s Me died Uth May 1798. One of the 

 best scholars and critics of the 18th century, 

 Knhnken possessed fine taste and sagacity, vast 

 learning, ami a remarkabjv lucid and graceful 

 Latin style. His principal literary works embraced 

 J-.'/iistolie Critica( 1749-51), an edition of Kutilius 

 Lupus (1768), of Velleius Paterculus (1779), of 

 Miiretus (1789), &c. His pupil VVyttenbach wrote 

 his Life (Leyden, 1799). 



Ruhr, a ri'Jit hand affluent of the Rhine, rises 

 in Westphalia, near the south-west frontier of 

 Waldeck, Hows generally west, and, after a course 

 of 144 miles, joins the Rhine at Kuhrort. 



ICiilirort, a town of Rhenish Prussia, situated 

 at the inlliix of the Ruhr into tin; Rhine, 26 miles 

 by rail X. of Piisseldorf, is one of the busiest river- 

 ports on the Rhine, carrying on a large trade in 

 corn, timber, iron, &c. In the vicinity there are 

 large ironworks and coal-mines. Pop. (1890) 11,099. 



Ruisdael. See RUYSDAEL. 



Rule, ST. See REGULUS. 



Rule Nisi. See DIVORCE. 



Rule of Faith, not the sum of the Christian 

 faith as laid down in Creeds (q.v.) and Confessions 

 (q.v.); but, in polemical theology, the sources 

 whence the doctrines of the faith are to be authori- 

 tatively derived the Scriptures, the tradition of 

 the Cliurch, the teaching of the fathers, &c. See 



R'iMXN I'vni'H.lc- I'll! KCH, REFORMATION, CHIL- 



MM;WI>UTH, XKWMAN, &c. 



Rule of the Road. This phrase includes 



the regulation- to I K-erved in the movements of 



conveyance- either on land or at wo. On Land: 

 In England drivers, riders, and cyclists keep the 

 side f the road next their left hand when meeting, 

 and that next their right when overtaking anil 

 pMfting other horses or conveyances. The person 

 ding this rule is liable for any damage that 

 may happen through such neglect. A man riding 

 against a horse, or a conveyance driving against 

 another that is standing still, in answerable for any 

 damage that may ensue. On the Continent and in 

 America drivers and riders keep to the right. 

 At .SV" If two steamers are meeting end on or 

 nearly end on, both alter their courses to star- 

 boanl i.e. In.th turn to their right hand. If two 

 teamen are crossing each other, the one which 



has the other on the starboard (right hand) side 

 keeps out of the way. A steamer must keep out 

 ot the way of a sailing ship. A steamer shall 

 slacken speed or stop and reverse if necessary. 

 If two sailing ship- are approaching each other, 

 whether meeting or cm ing, one tunning free kee| 

 out of the way of one close-hauled ; one close- 

 hauled on the port tack keeps out of the way of 

 one close-hauled on the starboard tack ; one with 

 the wind tree on the port side keeps out of tin- 

 way of one with the wind free on the starboard side : 

 where Iwth have the wind free on the same side 

 the one to windward keeps out of the way of tin- 

 one to leeward; and a ship with the wind aft 

 keeps out of the way of the other tOiii>. Xotwith- 

 standing the above rules, a -hip, w hcther a sailing 

 ship or steamship, overtaking any other must keep 

 out of the way of the overturn ship. Where one 

 ship is to keep out of the way, the other must keep 

 her course. Regard, however, is to be j>aid to all 

 dangers of navigation, and to any special circum- 

 stances which may render a departure from the 

 rules necessary to avoid immediate danger. See 

 Marsden on Collisions. 



Rullion Green. See PENTLAXD HILLS. 



Rum, a mountainous i-land of Argyllshire, be- 

 longing to the group of the Inner llelnides, 15 

 miles X. by AV. of Ardnainurchan Point. It is 8J 

 miles long, 8 miles broad, and 42 sq. in. in area, 

 only 300 acres being arable, and the rest deer-forest 

 and moorland. The surface presents a mass of high 

 sharp-peaked mountains, rising in Halival and 

 Haiskeval to the height of 2368 and 2859 feet. In 

 1826 the crofters, numbering fully 400, were, all 

 but one family, cleared off to America, and Rum 

 was converted into a single sheep-farm ; but in 

 1845 it was sold (as again in 1888) for a deer-forest. 

 Top. (1851) Iti-J; (1SH1)89; (1891)53. 



Rum, a kind of spirit made by fermenting and 

 distilling the ' sweets ' that accrue in making sugar 

 from cane-juice. The sciiminings from the sugar- 

 pans give the lies! mm that any particular planta- 

 tion can produce; scuinmings and molasses the 

 next quality ; and molasses the lowest Before fer- 

 mentation water is added, till the 'sett ' or wort is 

 of the strength of about 12 per cent. <>i sugar ; and 

 every ten gallons yields one gallon of rum, or rather 

 more. The flavour of rum depends mainly on soil 

 and climate, and is not good where canes grow 

 rankly. Pine-apples and gnavas are at times 

 thrown into the still, but on the great scale no 

 attempt is made to influence flavour artificially. 

 The finest-flavoured nuns are produced by the old- 

 fashioned small stills. The modern stills, which 

 produce a strong spirit at one operation, are 

 unfavourable to flavour. The colour of rum is 

 imparted after distillation by adding a certain 

 proportion (varying with the varying taste of the 

 market ) of caramel, < sugar melted without water, 

 and thus slightly charred. Hum is usually distilled 

 at about 40 per cent, ovcrproof : and it is eaten) 

 that from nine to ten acres of land will produce two 

 hogsheads of sugar as well as alxmt a puncheon of 

 rum. Hum is greatly improved by age, and old 

 rum is very often highly prized ; at a sale in Car 

 lisle in 1866 rum known to lie 140 years old sold 

 for three guineas per bottle. It forms a viy 

 important part of colonial produce : the quan- 

 tity imported into liritain in 1848 was 6.858.HSI 

 gallons; in 1875, 8,815,681 gallons; in issl, 

 4,816,887 gallons (value 485,685); in 1889, 

 4,087,109 gallons (value .040.026). In tin- pro- 

 duction of rum .l.imaica claims the first place 

 and Demerara the second. It is produced also 

 in some of tin- l-'irm-h possessions. 



RUM SlUtm, a liqueur in which the alcoholic 

 base is rum, and the other materials are sugar. 



