RUMANIA 



RUNEBERG 



23 



lime or lemon juice, and the rind of these fruits 

 added to give flavour. Almost every maker has 

 his own receipt, and much credit is assumed by 

 each for his own especial mixture. 



Rumania. See ROUMANIA. 



Rlllllford, COUNT. Benjamin Thompson, a 

 man of many talents, was born of an old colonial 

 stock at Wobnrn, in Massachusetts, on 26th March 

 1753. His youth was spent as an assistant in a 

 goods store at Salem and at Boston, and as a school 

 teacher. But having married a lady of standing, 

 he was made major in a New Hampshire regiment, 

 and, through his royalist opinions, incurred the 

 hostility of the colonists to such an extent that he 

 found it liest to cross the ocean to England (1775). 

 In London he gave valuable information to the 

 government as to the state of the colony, and was 

 rewarded with an appointment in the Colonial 

 Office. From his boyhood he had had a passion for 

 physical investigations ; in England he experi- 

 mented largely with gunpowder, and was elected a 

 Fellow of the Royal Society (1779). In 1782 he 

 was back in America, with a lieutenant-colonel's 

 commission in the king's army. After peace was 

 concluded he was knighted, and entered the service 

 of the Elector of Bavaria. In this new sphere he 

 showed great reforming energy : he thoroughly 

 reformed the army, drained the marshes round 

 Mannheim, i-stnblished in Munich a cannon-foundry 

 and a military academy, cleared the country of the 

 swarms of beggars and planned a poor-law system, 

 spread widely the cultivation of the potato, dis- 

 seminated a knowledge of cheap and good dishes 

 (especially the Rumford soup) and foods, devised 

 an economical fireplace, kitchen, and oven (the 

 Rumford roaster), improved the breeds of horses 

 and cattle in Bavaria, and laid out the English 

 Garden in Munich. For these services he was 

 rewarded by election to membership of the Acade- 

 mies of Science in Munich, Mannheim, and Berlin, 

 by lieing put at the head of the War Department 

 of Bavaria, and by being made a count of the Holy 

 Roman Empire he chose the title of Rumford, the 

 former name of the town of Concord in Massachu- 

 setts. During the course of a visit to England in 

 1796 he endowed the two Rumford medals of the 

 Royal Society of London, and he also endowed two 

 similar medals of the American Academy of Science 

 and Art, all four for researches in light and heat. 

 Three years later was founded on his initiative the 

 Royal Institution ( q. v. ) for diffusing the knowledge 

 of mechanical inventions. Going back to Munich 

 in the same year, he found it threatened by the 

 opposing French and Austrian armies. The Elector 

 fled, leaving Count Rumford president of the Council 

 of Kegency, generalissimo of the forces, and head of 

 the police. In 1799 he retired from the service of 

 the Elector. His remaining years were principally 

 occupied with physical investigations, es|>ecially in 

 heat, which he clearly recognised to be some form 

 of motion, besides showing that a definite quantity 

 nf heat could )>e produced by a definite amount of 

 mechanical work. In 1804 he married the widow 

 of Lavoisier, the celebrated chemist, and soon after 

 settled at Autenil, near Paris, where he died on 

 21st August 1814. See the Memoir prefixed to his 

 Sc-irntitir \V filings (."> vols. London, 1876), and the 

 biography by Bauernfeind (Munich, 1889). 



Ruminants, a name applied to those even-toed 

 or ArtiixlaiMyl 1'n^iiliites which 'chew the cud.' 

 These are (a) the Tragtilidie, often called musk- 

 deer ; ( b ) the Cotylophora, including antelopes, 

 sheep, goats, oxen, giraffes, deer ; (e) the Camelidii-, 

 or camels and llamas. Their characteristics and the 

 process of rumination are descrilied in the article 

 ARTIODACTYLA, with which those on DIGESTION 

 and on CATTLE should be compared. 



Rump Parliament. See LONG PARLIA- 

 MENT, CROMWELL. 



Runcorn, a thriving market and manufactur- 

 ing town and river-port of Cheshire, on the left 

 bank of the tidal Mersey, 12 miles ESE. of Liver- 

 pool and 28 WSW. of Manchester. The river is 

 crossed here by a railway viaduct, which, erected 

 in 1864-69 at a cost of over 300,000, is 1500 feet 

 long and 95 feet above high-water mark. An 

 ancient place, where a castle was founded by the 

 Princess Ethelfreda in 916, and a priory in 1133, it 

 yet dates all its prosperity from the construction 

 of the Bridgewater Canal (1762-72), which at 

 Runcorn descends to the Mersey by a succession 

 of locks. More canal-lwats plied to and from 

 Runcom than from anywhere else in the kingdom 

 even before the opening of the Manchester Ship- 

 canal ( 1887-94 ; see MANCHESTER, and CANAL, Vol. 

 II. p. 700); and there are besides spacious docks 

 with considerable shipping, Runcorn having been 

 made a head-port in 1847. The industries include 

 shipbuilding, iron - founding, rope - making, the 

 manufacture of chemicals, quarrying, &c. Pop. 

 ( 1851 ) 8049 ; ( 1871 ) 12,443 ; ( 1891 ) 20,050. 



Runeberg. JOHAN LUDVIG, the greatest poet 

 who has written in Swedish, and the national poet 

 of Finland, was born in that country, at Jacobs tad 

 on the Gulf of Bothnia, on 5th February 1804. 

 His father, a retired sea-captain, gave him a good 

 education ; though from the time he entered (1822) 

 the university of Alx> he supported himself. In 

 1830, after three years of private 'coaching,' Rune- 

 berg was given a secretaryship in the university 

 (removed to Helsingfors in 1827) and was named 

 reader in Eloquence (Latin literature), and in the 

 following year added to these offices that of 

 teacher in the lyceum. In these years he pub- 

 lish. <! his first liooks in 1830 a volume of Lyric 

 Poems and in 1831 a narrative poem, The Grave 

 in Perrho, for which the Swedish Academy 

 gave him its minor gold medal. Other books fol- 

 lowed in quick succession, as a beautiful epic idyll, 

 The Elk-hunters (1832), one of his finest pieces of 

 work; a second volume of Poems (1833), contain- 

 ing amongst other things a second epic idyll, 

 Christmas Eve; and a third epic idyll, Hanna, 

 which is almost equal to The Elk-hunters in beauty 

 and finish of stvle. All three are written in hex- 

 ameters, which Runeberg manages with admirable 

 effect ; like other poems of the same class, they 

 deal with the rural life of the interior of Finland, 

 Hanna with the joys and sorrows of the quiet 

 parsonage, The Elk-hunters with the peasantry 

 and country-folk, and Christmas Eve with the 

 manor-house and its dependents. Runeberg de- 

 scribes the fresh, unconventional manners and the 

 old world, patriarchal style of living of these people 

 with great wealth of picturesque detail, with 

 excellent taste, with tender sympathy, with grace 

 and simplicity and beauty of form. The atmo- 

 sphere that envelops his poetry was the immediate 

 creation of his own wholesome, healthy, manly 

 temperament and genius ; one sterling ingredient 

 is a quaint natural humour, deep-seated and pure 

 in quality. Runeberg's poetry is moreover the 

 written embodiment of the deepest feelings and 

 sentiments of the dual people of Finland, of the 

 Finns no less than of the descendants of the 

 Swedish immigrants, and with his name all Fin- 

 landers associate their passionate devotion to their 

 country. 



From 1832 Runeberg added to his already numer- 

 ous duties those of editor of the bi-weekly Helsiny- 

 fors Morning News. But, with all these irons in 

 the fire, he had too much work and too little pay, 

 and there was little prosed of a good permanent 

 position in the university ; so in 1837 he applied 



