RUl'KUT'S LAND 



RUSH 



in time to be present at the raising of the king's 

 standard at Nottingham ; and for the next three 

 yean the ' Mad Cavalier ' wan the life and smil of 

 the royalist cause, winning many a battle by his 

 resistless charges, to lose it as often by a too head- 

 long pursuit. He hail fought at Worcester, Edge- 

 hill, Brentford, Chalgrove, Newburv, Bolton, Mar- 

 ton Moor, Newbury again, and N'osehy, when in 

 August 1645 his surrender of Bristol after a three 

 weeks' siege HO irritated Charles, who tin- year 

 before had created him Duke of Cuml>erland and 

 generalissimo, that he curtly dismissed him, and 

 sent him his passport to quit the kingdom. A 

 court-martial, however, completely cleared him, 

 and he resumed his duties, only to Mirrender at 

 Oxford to Fairfax in the following June. He now 

 took service with France, but in 1648 accepted tin; 

 command of that |>ortion of the English fleet ; which 

 ha<l espoused the Uinx < cause. As admiral or 

 corsair. Prince Rupert acquitted himself with all 

 his olil daring and somewhat more caution ; and 

 for three vears he kept his ships afloat, escaping at 

 last the blockade in which for nearly a twelve- 

 month he was held at Kinsale on the Irish coast 

 by Blake. But in 1651 the latter attacked his 

 squadron, and burned or sunk most of his vessels. 

 \\ ith the remnant the prince escaped to the West 

 Indies, where, along with his brother Maurice, 

 till the loss of the latter in a hurricane ( 1652), he 

 led a buccaneering life, maintaining himself as 

 before by the seizure of English,and other merchant- 

 men. In 1653 he was back in France, where and 

 in Germany he chiefly resided till the Restoration. 

 Thereafter he served with distinction under the 

 Duke of York, and, in concert with the Duke of 

 Albemarle, in naval operations against the Dutch ; 

 and he died at his house in Spnng Gardens, 29th 

 November 1682, in the enjoyment of various offices 

 and dignities, being a privy-councillor, governor 

 of Windsor, an F.R.S., &c. He left a natural 

 daughter, Ruperta, born to him in 1673 by Margaret 

 Hughes, actress. His last ten years hud been spent 

 in retirement in the pursuit of chemical, physical, 

 and mechanical researches, for which he viand 

 considerable aptitude. Though he was not the 

 inventor of mezzotint (see ENGRAVING, Vol. IV. 

 p. 381 ), Prince Rupert no doubt improved the 

 processes of the art, which he descril>ed to the 

 Royal Society in 1662, after executing several 

 interesting engravings on the new principle. 

 Among Ins discoveries were an improved ^1111- 

 pmviler, the composition known as ' Prince's metal, ' 

 and perhaps the ' Prince Rupert's Drops,' or curious 

 glass bubbles described under Annealing (q.v.). 



See Eliot Warlmrton's Memoiri of Prince Rupert and 

 the Cavalier* (3 vok. 1849); Lord Ronald Gower's 

 Rupert of the Rhine (1890) ; and other works cited at 

 ELIZABETH (of Bohemia), CHARLES I., and CHARLES II. 



Rupert's Land. See HUDSON BAY COM- 

 PANY. 



Kupia is a somewhat severe form of skin 

 disease. It is characterised by Ibmi-h. distinct 

 hnllir or blebs, < untaiiiin^' a serous, purulent, or 

 aanions fluid, which become changed into thick 

 cabs. Several varieties of lliis disease have been 

 established by dermatologists. In its simplest 

 form the blebs are not preceded by any inflamma- 

 tory symptom-, iin- alnint an inch in diameter, nnd 

 contain a fluid which is originally thin ami traii- 

 parent, but soon thickens, Wcomes purulent, and 

 dries into brown, ragged scalw, which are elevated 

 in the centre. The seal* are easily separated, ami 

 leave ulcerated nurfaces, on which several successive 

 scabs usually form before healing ensues. In a 

 more severe form, known as /.'/// jtromintnn, the 

 scab projects so much in the centre as to resemble 

 a limpet-shell in form. 



Rupia is a chronic disease, and is usually limited 

 to the limbs, the loins, and the nates, 'it is not 

 contagious, and generally attacks persons debili- 

 tated by old age, intemperance, lui<! living, or 

 previous diseases, especially small]K>x, scarlatina, 

 and syphilis. The general treatment consists 

 mainly in the administration of tonics (e.g. 

 quinia), the mineral acids, ale, wine, animal food. 

 &C. Some writers strongly recommend the tincture 

 of gerpentaria ; and there is no doubt that certain 

 cases which will not yield to tonics rapidly imp 

 when treated with iodide of potassium. The local 

 treatment consists in puncturing the blebs as soon 

 as they arise, in removing the scabs by poulticing, 

 and in applying a slightly stimulating application 

 such as a solution of nitrate of silver to the 

 subjacent ulcers. The disease is frequently tedious 

 and obstinate, but the patient almost always 

 ultimately recovers. 



Ruppin, NEU, a town of Prussia, on a small 

 lake of the same name, which communicates with 

 the Ellie, 48 miles by rail NW. of lierlin. It was 

 built by Frederick William II. after a lire in 1787, 

 and is a handsome town with (18!).")) l.'i.rnJl inhab- 

 itants, who manufacture cloth, picture-books, 

 machinery, starch, brushes, &c. 



Rupture. See HERNIA. 



Rural Dean. See DEAN. 



Rlirik, the founder of the Russian monarchy. 

 See NOKTHMEN, and RUSSIA. 



ItlirKi. a town in the North-west Provinces of 

 India, 22 miles E. of Saharanpiir, with the Thomason 

 Engineering College, a station for British troops, 

 mission school, and meteorological observatory. 

 Pop. 15,953. 



Rush. BENJAMIN, an American physician, was 

 born in what is now the twenty-third ward of 

 Philadelphia, December 24, 1745, graduated at 

 Princeton in 1760, studied medicine in Phila- 

 delphia, Edinburgh, London, and Paris, ami in 

 1769 was made professor of Chemist rv in the 

 Philadelphia Medical College. Elected a member 

 of the Continental Congress, he signed the Declara- 

 tion of Independence (1776). In April 1777 he 

 was appointed Surgeon-general, and in July 

 Physician-general, of the Continental army. His 

 duties did not prevent him from writing a series 

 of letters against the articles of confederation of 

 1776. In 1778 he resigned his post in the army. 

 l>ecause be could not prevent frauds upon soldiers 

 in the hospital stores, and returned to his professor- 

 ship. He was a founder of the Philadelphia ilis 

 pensary, the first in the I'nited States, and of the 

 College of Physicians, was active in the establish 

 ment of public schools, was a memlx-r of the state 

 conventions which ratified the Federal constitu- 

 tion and formed the state constitution. He next 

 became professor of the Theory and Practice of 

 Medicine at Philadelphia, to which chair he added 

 those of the Institutes and Practice of Medicine 

 and Clinical Practice ( 1791 ), and of the Practice of 

 Physic (1797) ; and during the epidemic of 1793 he 

 was as successful as devoted in the. treatment of 

 yellow fever. Virulently attacked, owing to his 

 methods of practice, by William Cobbett, who 

 published a newspaper in Philadelphia, he )>i 

 cuted him for libel, and recovered JSOOO dam:. 

 In 17011 Rush woe, appointed treasurer of tin- 

 United States Mint, which post he held till his 

 death, 19th April 1813. He was called 'the 

 Sydenham of America,' and his medical works 

 brought him honours from several European 

 sovereigns. The chief of them were Medical In- 

 quiries and Observation* (5 vols. 1789-93), Essays 

 (1798), and Diseases of the Mind (1821 ; 5th ed. 

 1835). HU son, RICHARD (1780-1859), a lawyer 



