RUTHENIANS 



RUTHERGLEN 



51 



in the fjood old God-fearing times, set forth with a 

 simplicity arid directness the charm of which no 

 one can fail to feel, does not need any special 

 vindication of its claim to rank with the narratives 

 of Genesis, Judges, or Kings. 



See the Old Testament introductions, especially those 

 of Reuss, De Wette-Schrader, Bleek-Wellhausen, and 

 Driver ; also the commentaries on Judges and Ruth by 

 Bertheau and by Keil, that in the Speakers Commentary, 

 and others. 



Klllhciliaiis, a branch of the Little Russian 

 division of the Slav race, dwell on both sides of 

 the Carpathians, in Galicia and north-eastern 

 Hungary, about 2,800,000 in the former and some 

 360,000 in the latter region. They are of medium 

 stature, but somewhat slim in build. Nevertheless 

 they make hardy farmers, herdsmen, wood-cutters, 

 and charcoal-burners their favourite occupations. 

 For various reasons great subdivision of the soil, 

 years of subjection to the Polish nobles, the ex- 

 tortion of the Jews, addiction to drink, and the 

 lack of industries, though the house industries 

 flourish they are gunk in great poverty. The 

 clergy of the Greek United Church, to which they 

 are greatly devoted, are their intellectual and 

 political leaders. The people cling to traditional 

 usages and customs, and have a leaning to fatalism 

 and melancholy. Since 1848 the native language 

 has begun to take vigorous root again, and to 

 blossom out into a literature. See the article 

 SLAVS ; Szuski, Die Pblen und Rvthenen in 

 Galicien ( 1882) ; and Kupczanko, Die Schicksale tier 

 n (1887). 



Ruthenium (sym. Rn ; atom. wt. 103'5 ; sp. gr. 

 12'3) IB a metal discovered in 1843 by Clans in the 

 ore of platinum. It forms no fewer than four 

 different oxides. Of these the tetroxide, KuO 4 , 

 is remarkable for ite volatility, boiling at a little 

 above 100 C. For details regarding the metal, 

 which is of no practical importance, the reader 

 may consult Deville and De bray's Memoir on 

 Platinum and its Ores. 



Rutherford, SAMUEL, Scottish preacher and 

 divine, was born at the hamlet of msliet, near 

 .Ixlliurgh, about 1300. He attended school at Jed- 

 trargh, and entered Edinburgh College in 1617, 

 obtained a town hursarv in 1618, and took his 

 M.A. degree in 1621. Two years afterwards bis 

 extraordinary talent led to his appointment as 

 recent or professor of Humanity, out an ante- 

 nuptial irregularity with his wife caused his resig- 

 nation in 1026, when he turned his attention to 

 theological study. Through the influence of Gordon 

 of Kenmure, afterwards Viscount Kenmure, he 

 settled as minister of Anwoth in 1627. Here it 

 ,was his habit to rise at three A.M. for study and 

 prayer, and of his ministry it has been said that 

 lie was always praying, always preaching, always 

 visiting the sick, always catechising, and always 

 writing and studying." Though he had a kind 

 of slcrfiifh in his voice, Wodrow says he was 'one 

 of the most moving and affectionate preachers in 

 lii" time, or perhaps in any age of the church.' 

 Here he began that correspondence with his 

 godly friends, cliidly in Galloway and Ayrshire, 

 which made him l>loved, useful, and famous, and 

 which earned the title when published of being 

 'the most seraphic book in our literature." 'Hold 

 off the Bible,' said Baxter, 'such a book the world 

 never saw the like;' while Mr Spurgeon lias pro- 

 nounced it 'the nearest thing to inspiration which 

 can be found in all the writings of mere man.' 

 In 1636 his Exercitationes de Gratia came out at 

 Amsterdam, a book directed against the Arminians ; 

 ft second edition appeared in the same year, and 

 he was invited to fill a Divinity chair in Holland. 

 Because of this work and non-compliance with 



Episcopal ceremonies, he was summoned before 

 the High Commission Court at Wigtown on July 

 27, 1636, deprived of his ministerial office, and 

 banished to Aberdeen. Here he remained from 

 September 1636 to February 1638, writing letters, 

 disputing with Episcopalians, and bewailing his 

 'dumb Sabbaths.' He was restored to Anwoth, 

 but was appointed by the Assembly professor of 

 Divinity at St Andrews in 1639, became colleague to 

 Robert Blair in the church of St Andrews, and after- 

 wards principal of the New College (1647). Here 

 he was as industrious as ever, performing the duties 

 of both preacher and professor. In 1643 he was sent 

 to the Westminster Assembly as a commissioner 

 from the Church of Scotland, and there is a draft 

 of a Shorter Catechism in his handwriting in Edin- 

 burgh University Library. During his four years' 

 attendance he seems to have been prominent enough 

 to be singled out for mention by Milton. His 

 Due Right of Presbyteries (1644), Lex Rex (1644), 

 Trial and Triumph of Faith (1645), Christ 

 Dying and Drawing Sinners to Himself ( 1647 ) 

 belong to this period. Rutherford's Lex Rex was 

 conceived in too l>old a spirit of freedom for the 

 government of Charles II. ; it was burned by the 

 hangman in Edinburgh and by Sharpe at St 

 Andrews in 1661. Its author was deposed from 

 all his offices, and summoned to answer a charge 

 of high-treason at next parliament. Rutherford 

 received the citation on his death-bed, and sent 

 answer, ' I behove to obey my first summons,' and 

 went to a higher tribunal on 29th March 1661 (not 

 20th March, as his tombstone states ) ; he was buried 

 at St Andrews. There is a monument to his memory 

 at Anwoth. No portrait of Rutherford exists, but 

 he has been described as a ' little fair man ' with 

 ' two quick eyes ;' when he walked he held his face 

 upward. He was extremely charitable in private, 

 and was much looked up to and consulted in matters 

 of personal religion. Livingston, who knew him 

 weft, said ' he nad most sharp piercing wit and 

 fruitful invention and solid judgment.' He was 

 twice married, and of seven children by his second 

 wife, one daughter alone survived him. No divine 

 in the first half of the 17th century has left 

 a greater reputation for sanctity. He was twice 

 offered a professor's chair in Holland. Freedom 

 and breadth theologically, along with hardness and 

 narrowness ecclesiastically, meet in Rutherford's 

 published works. 



Rutherford's religious genius is seen at its highest in 

 his Letters, which, to the number of 284, were collected 

 and published under the title of Joshua Rcdivirus by his 

 secretary M'VVard ( Rotterdam, 16G4). A third ediiion 

 in 1675 had 68 additional letters. Over twenty-five 

 different editions have since appeared, the best being 

 that by Andrew A. Bonar, U.D., with biographical sketch 

 of his life and notes regarding his correspondents (Edin. 

 1891 ). Sixteen works, controversial or theological, were 

 issued in his lifetime ; hi.- Lex Rex, dealing with the pre- 

 rogative of king and people, is as keenly logical and con- 

 troversial as his letters are unworldly and full of sweet- 

 ness, fancy, and spiritual life. Among his posthumous 

 works are Twelve Communion Sermons ( 1876 ), and Quaint 

 Sermons, edited by Bpnar (1885). 



See Taylor limes in the Evangelical Succession Lec- 

 tures; M 'A' hi in Mm i in the St Giles' Lectures; Dr 

 Whyte's Leetum ( 1894 ) ; Livingston's Characteristic* ; 

 and Lives by Murray (1828) and Thomson (1884). For 

 the scandal of his youth, see the Edinburgh Town Council 

 Records of date 3d February 1626. 



Rlltherglen (popularly Ruglen), a town in 

 Lanarkshire, on the Clyde, 3 miles SE. of Glasgow, 

 with whose eastern extremity it is connected by a 

 bridge, built in 1890-91 at a cost of 29,000. It 

 consists of one long wide street, with several 

 narrow streets branching off at right angles ; and 

 its principal building is a handsome town-hall 

 (1862). In ancient times Rutherglen was a place 



