SAl'O 



SACItAMKNT 



Sussex, the only nn of Sir Richard Sackville, 

 Chancellor of the Exchequer. He in supposed to 

 have -tiiilied at Hart Hall, Oxford, and St John's 

 College, Oxford, and then to have entered the 

 Inner Temple; in 1554 he married, ami in 1558 

 was returned to parliament. With Thomas Norton 

 he produced the blank-verse tragedy of Ferrex and 

 Porrejc (afterwards called liurboduc), which in Jan- 

 uary 1562 was acted liofore Queen Elizabeth (who 

 was Sackville's second cousin) at Whitehall hy the 

 gentlemen of the Inner Temple. This work, whose 

 plot i- founded on a British legend, and which is 

 after the style of Seneca, the incidents being moral- 

 ised at intervals by a chorus, claims particular notice 

 as the earliest tragedy in the English language. 

 Dramatic energy it has none, but the style is pure 

 and stately, evincing eloquence and power of 

 thought (see DKAMA, Vol. IV. p. 85). Sack- 

 ville's other chief production was the Induction 

 to a Myrrovr for Mnifi.itnites (15U3), a noble 

 poem, ' uniting,' as Hallam savs, ' the school 

 of Chaucer and Lydgate to the faery Queen,' and 

 almost rivalling the latter in the magnificence 

 and dignity of its allegoric personifications. The 

 influence of Dante is very perceptible. His prodi- 

 gality brought Sackville into disgrace with the 

 queen, and he travelled awhile in France and 

 Italy, but on his father's death in 1566 returned to 

 England, and next vear was knighted and created 

 Lord Bucklmrst. lie was now employed much as 

 a diplomatist in France and the Low Countries ; 

 in 1586 announced her death-sentence to Mary 

 Queen of Scots ; in 1589 was installed a Knight of 

 the Garter ; in 1599 succeeded Burghley as lord 

 high treasurer; and in 1604 was created Earl of 

 Dorset. He died suddenly at Whitehall at the 

 council table, 19th April 1608. 



See the Life prefixed to the edition of his Works by 

 the Hon. and Rev. W. Sackville-West (1859), and a long 

 article in voL it of Cooper's A thence Cantab. ( 1861 ). 



CHARLES SACKVILLE, sixth Earl of Dorset, was 

 born January 24, 1637, and succeeded to the title 

 in 1677- He travelled in Italy, was returned by 

 East Grinstead to the first parliament of Charles 

 II., and soon became an especial favourite of the 

 king, and notorious, like too many of the courtiers, 

 for his boisterous and indecorous frolics. He served 

 under the Duke of York at sea, was employed on 

 various missions, but could not endure the tyranny 

 of James II., and was one of the most ardent in 

 the cause of the Prince of Orange. His later years 

 were honoured by a generous patronage of men of 

 letters like Prior, Wycherley, and Dryden. He 

 died at Bath, January 19, 1706. He was himself 

 the author of a few occasional lyrical and satirical 

 pieces, but is only remembered for one short poem, 

 the bright and delightful song, 'To all you Ladies 

 now on Land. ' 



Saco, a city and port of entry of Maine, on the 

 left bank of the Saco River, here crossed l.v a 

 bridge to Biddeford, and with falls of 50 feet 

 supplying water-power, 16 miles hy rail WSW. of 

 Portland. It contains cotton and shoe factories, 

 sawmills, machine-shops, &c. Pop. (1880) 6389; 

 (1890)6075. The Saco River rises in the White 

 Mountains of New Hampshire, and runs south- 

 east through Maine to the Atlantic. It is 170 

 miles long. 



SiirritllM'll t ( Lat. sacramentum, mysterium, 

 Gr. mystirion), the name given by theological 

 writers to certain religions rites, the number as 

 well a* effects of which are the subject of much 

 controversy lietween various bodies of Christians. 

 The word tarrniiifiifiiiii, in primitive classical 

 usage, meant either the oath taken by soldiers on 

 their Hint enrolment, or the sum of money deposited 

 l>\ suitors on entering upon a cause, and forfeited 



' to sacred uses ' by the unsuccessful party ; and 

 the corresponding classical Greek word mystirion 

 meant not merely the secret religious ceremonies 

 practised in the worship of certain gods, but also 

 any revealed secret. It is certain, nevertheless, 

 that at a very early period of the Christian church 

 lpili the Latin word and it Greek equivalent 

 came to be applied specially to certain rites of the 

 Christian ceremonial, and chielly (or n- i- nun 

 inonly held by Protestant*, exclusively I to those 

 of Baptism and the Kueluirist. Of the .'-.-it. -clieiieal 

 lectures of St Cyril of Jerusalem the leei . 

 devoted to the subject of Baptism and the 

 Kueluirist are called ' mystagogic lectures.' Here 

 it will l>e enough to state concisely what are tlie 

 views of the several religious communities on this 

 much controverted subject, which formed one of 

 the main grounds of division between the Roman 

 < 'liurch and the Reformers of the 16th century. 



In the Roman Church it is held that there are 

 seven sacraments viz. Baptism, Continuation, 

 the Eucharist, Penance, Extreme Unction, Holy 

 Orders, and Matrimony. The special teaching <if 

 Catholics on each of these rites will lie found under 

 the several heads; but there are certain general 

 principles regarding them all on which the Roman 

 Catholic doctrine differs widely from that of the 

 Reformed communities. Catholics define a sacra- 

 ment to be a visible or sensible sign permanently 

 instituted by God, and conveying real interior 

 grace to the recipient, and they teach that all 

 sacraments contain within themselves, as instru- 

 ments, and, when they are received with proper 

 dispositions, produce, such grace by the virtue 

 Imparted to them by God, and not merely through 

 the faith of the recipient ; although they hold that 

 proper dispositions on the part of the recipient, 

 as sorrow for in. love of God. pious resolves, A.-C., 

 are conditions indispensable for the efficacy of the 

 sacramental rite (see OPUS OPEKATCM). They 

 divide the sacraments into two classes, ' sacra- 

 ments of the living 'and 'sacrament-s of the dead.' 

 The first class comprises the Eucharist, Confirma- 

 tion, Holy Orders, and Matrimony all which 

 sacraments can only be received fruit fully by 

 persons in a state of grace or justification. The 

 second includes Baptism, Penance, and Extreme 

 Unction, the special purpose of which is to remit 

 sin, and which therefore can be received by persons 

 in a state of sin, but penitent for that sin, and 

 resolved to amend their lives. Of three of the 

 sacraments viz. Baptism, Continuation, and Holy 

 Orders it is held that they imprint a ' character,' 

 and therefore that they can only be received once. 

 The others may be repeatedly received, but under 

 conditions which will be learned under each separ- 

 ate head. Two things are held to enter into the 

 cun-titiition of the sacrament viz. the 'matter' 

 ami the 'form.' By the former is meant the 

 material element or the physical action whereby 

 that element is applied to* the recipient of the 

 sacrament ; as water in baptism, oil in extreme 

 unction, ami in both the act of washing or of 

 anointing. By the latter is understood the form 

 of words employed 1,\ the minister in communi- 

 cating to the recipient the external rite in which 

 the sacramental act consists. The minister of a 

 sacrament is the person who is supposed to be 

 divinely authorised to impart it. The Council of 

 Trent anathematises those who teach that there 

 are more or less than seven sacraments. The 

 Greek Church also recognises the seven sacra- 

 menta. 



The Reformed Churches have for the most part 

 rejected these views. By the majority of them 

 the sacraments are held to be merely ceremonial 

 observances, partly designed as a solemn act, by 

 which each individual is admitted to BMnbenhiih 



