SACRAMENTARIANS 



SACRIFICE 



65 



or desires to make solemn profession thereof ; 

 partly intended to stimulate the faith and excite 

 the fervour and the pious dispositions of the 

 recipient, to which dispositions alone all the 

 interior effects are to be ascribed. As to the 

 number of rites called by the name, almost all 

 Protestants agree in restricting it to two viz. 

 Baptism and the Lord's Supper; although some 

 of the rites which Catholics regard as sacramental 

 are retained by some of the Protestant communi- 

 ties as religious observances. Calvin defends the 

 ceremony of ordination by imposition of hands, 

 once even calling it a sacrament, though evidently 

 not in the strictest sense of the word. In the 

 English Church, however, there has always been 

 a school in which opinion tending towards the 

 Catholic view has prevailed. Not only have English 

 Churchmen ascribed to the two rites of Baptism and 

 the Eucharist or Lord's Supper (q.v. ) the power of 

 producing an interior grace (which in the former is 

 called Regeneration, q.v.), but since the Tractarian 

 movement many of them have been willing to call 

 the other rites, especially Confirmation, Penance, 

 and Holy Orders, by the name of sacrament, 

 although of a secondary character, and not ' gener- 

 ally necessary to salvation.' 



See the separate articles on the sacraments, especially 

 BAPTISM, and LORD'S SUPPER, and works there cited ; 

 also ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH ; and for the sacraments 

 as recognised by the Orthodox Eastern Communion, see 

 GREEK CHURCH, Vol. V. p. 396. 



Sacrameiltarians. a term used in more senses 

 than one. ( 1 ) Ordinarily in England it means one 

 who holds a ' high ' or extreme doctrine of the effi- 

 cacy of the sacraments, especially of the Eucharist 

 (see LORD'S SUPPER). (2) Technically, however, the 

 word Is used in church history in an almost diametri- 

 cally opposite sense for persons holding a 'low' doc- 

 trim- on the subject of the sacraments for the party 

 among the Reformers who separated from Luther 

 on the doctrine of the Eucharist. Luther taught 

 the doctrine of the real presence of the body and 

 blood of Christ along with the bread and wine (nee 

 LORD'S SUPPER). Carlstadt, Capito, and Bucer 

 were the leaders of those who called this doctrine 

 in question. This sacramentarian party became 

 so considerable that in the diet of Augsburg they 

 claimed to present a sjiecial confession known in 

 history by the name of the Tetrapolitan Confession 

 -eo called from the four cities, Strasburg, Con- 

 stance, Lindau, and Menimingen. The Tetra- 

 politan Confession rejects the doctrine of a cor- 

 poreal presence, and although it admits a spiritual 

 presence of Christ which the devout soul can feel 

 and enjoy, it excludes all idea of a physical pres- 

 ence of Christ's body. Simultaneously with this 

 German movement, yet independent of it, was that 

 of the Swiss reformer Zwingli, whose doctrine on 

 the Eucharist, was identical with that of Carlstadt, 

 and who himself presented a private confession of 

 faitli to the Augsburg diet in which this doctrine 

 is embodied. The four cities named aliove con- 

 tinned for many years to adhere to this confession 

 presented to the diet of Augsburg in their name ; 

 imt. eventually they accepted the so-called Con- 

 fe^ioii of Augsburg, and were merged in the 

 general body of Lutherans. On the contrary, the 

 article of /wingli upon the Eucharist was in sub- 

 stance embodied in the confession of the Helvetic 

 Church. 



S.-irrnilH'llto, the largest river of California, 

 rises in the north-eastern part of the state, its 

 head-stream, Pitt River, draining Goose Lake, and 

 Hows south-west through the Sierra Nevada to 

 Shasta, south to Sacramento, and thence south- 

 nouth-west into Suisun Bay, through which its 

 waters pass into San Pablo Bay and so to the 

 Pacific Ocean. Itn length is about 500 miles, and 

 Ml 



it is navigable for small vessels to Red Bluff, nearly 

 250 miles. A few miles above its mouth it receives 

 the San Joaquin ; and with this and other tribu- 

 taries it drains the great central valley of the 

 state. 



Sacramento, the capital of California, is on 

 the east bank of the Sacramento River, at the 

 mouth of the American River, 120 miles by water 

 and 90 by rail NE. of San Francisco. The streets 

 are laid down at right angles on a level plain. The 

 business portion is built of brick, the dwellings of 

 wood, with shade-trees and gardens. The principal 

 public buildings are the state capital ( which cost 

 about $2,000,000), the county court-house (formerly 

 the capital ) and hospital, the post-office, a Roman 

 Catholic cathedral, the Crocker Art Gallery, and 

 the Masonic and Oddfellows' halls. The manu- 

 factories include a number of flour and planing 

 mills, carriage, box, and broom factories, foundries, 

 potteries, spice-mills, and a cannery ; and here are 

 the shops of the Southern Pacific Railroad, cover- 

 ing 25 acres. Sacramento was settled in 1839 by a 

 Swiss named Sutter, who built a fort here in 1841 ; 

 but it was not till 1848, after the discovery of gold, 

 that the city at first as a canvas town was laid 

 out ; it became the state capital in 1854. Inunda- 

 tions led to the building of a levee in 1862. Pop. 

 ( 1880) 21,420 ; ( 1890) 26,386 ; ( 1900) 29,282, 



Sacrarinui ( Lat., ' a place where sacred objects 

 are deposited'), the part of a church where the 

 altar is. 



Sacred Heart of Jesus. FEAST OF, a 

 modern festival of the Roman Catholic Church. 

 Its origin is traced to a vision which is recorded of 

 a French Visitation nun named Marguerite Marie 

 Alacoque (1647-90), who lived at Paray-le-Monial 

 (q.v.). This devotion was gradually propagated in 

 France, approved by Clement XIII. in 1765, and 

 extended to the whole church in 1856, Sister Mar- 

 guerite Marie being beatified in 1864. The festi- 

 val is held on the Friday (in England on the 

 Sunday) after the octave of Corpus Christi. Of 

 many churches dedicated to the Sacred Heart by 

 far the most splendid is that erected on Mont- 

 martre, the highest point of Paris, in 1874-91, 

 at a cost of nearly a million sterling. The 

 faithful worship the heart of Jesus, considered 

 ' not as mere flesh, but as united to the divin- 

 ity ; ' and the heart is chosen because it is a 

 symbol of charity and of the inner life. The 

 heart of the Blessed Virgin, on the same prin- 

 ciple, is venerated by the Roman Church. There 

 is a cloistered order of nuns of the Sacre Cceur, 

 which was founded at Paris in 1800 by Fr. Varin 

 and Mme. Barat, approved in 1826, and has 

 very numerous houses in Europe, America, and 

 Australasia. The chief of these in England is at 

 Roehampton, in Ireland at Roscrea. Its members 

 teach the higher branches of girls' education. 



See Bongaud, HMoire de la hienheurevse Marguerite 

 Marie (5th ed. 1880); and Nilles, De Rationibus Fe- 

 turum Sacratistimi Cordii (1875). 



Sacred Music. See Music, ANTHEM, CHANT, 

 CHOIR, CHORALE, HYMN, INTONING, MASS (Music 

 OF), ORATORIO, PLAIN-SONG, SERVICE (MUSICAL). 



Sacred Wars. See AMPHICTYONIC COUNCIL, 

 PiiiLii- OK MACEDON. 



Sacrifice has liecn the fundamental institution 

 of all natural religions. It is found at one time or 

 another with the same general features in nearly 

 all parts of the world. The same human wants 

 have everywhere found the same embodiment. As 

 a general rule its historical development among 

 different peoples keeps pace with the progress of 

 their thoughts regarding the nature of the divinities 

 they worship. Sacrifice is primarily a sacramental 

 meal at which the communicants are a deity and 



