68 



SAl'DI.KHACK 



SADI 



helped to train many of the best Arabic scholars of 

 the 19th century ; and he himself had for his pupils 

 several of the best teachers of thai language who 

 laboured in both Prance and Germany in succeed- 

 ing years. He died in Paris on 21st February 

 1838. Besides the works quoted and alluded to he 

 also published Abd-Allatif's Relation de I'Sgifpte 

 (1810), an edition of the tales of Bidpai (Calila et 

 IHmiiti, 1816), Fartd ed-Din Attar's Pendnameli 

 (1819), Hariri's Ifakamat (1822), Erpoti tie la 

 Religion det Dnuet (1838), &c. See Keinaud, 

 Notux . . . de Baron Silvettre de Sacy (1838). 



His son, SAMUEL USTAZADE SII.VESTRE DE 

 SACV (1801-79), a journalist, was long one of 

 the leading writers on the staff of the Journal 

 de* Dfbats, and in 1864 was appointed a mem- 

 ber of the Council of Public Instruction. In 

 1855 he was elected a member of the Academy, 

 and in 1867 of the senate. In 1858 lie published 

 a collection of his literary articles as \'ariete* 

 Litttrairet, Morale*, et Historiquex (2 vols.); and 

 he edited in 1861-64 the Letters of Madame de 

 Sevignt in 1 1 volumes. 



Saddleback, or BLENCATHARA, aCuml>erland 

 mountain (2847 feet) of the Skiddaw group, 4J 

 miles NE. of Keswick. 



Saddurees, a Jewish school or party in New 

 Testament times, the name most probably derived 

 from one Zadok, founder of an aristocratic party, 

 or from the race of the Zadokites, a family of 

 priesto at Jerusalem since the time of Solomon. 

 The chief characteristics of the Sadducees were 

 that they were an aristocratic party, and further 

 that they acknowledged only the written ToraA 

 as binding, rejecting the entire traditionary inter- 

 pretation and further development of the law dur- 

 ing the course of centuries hy the scribes. They 

 thus rejected the whole body of Pharisaic tradi- 

 tion, representing at once an older legal, and an 

 older religious, standpoint. Accordingly they re- 

 fused to believe in a resurrection of the body, or 

 any personal continuity of the individual, or 

 retribution in a future fife a survival of original 

 Old Testament theology ; they denied angels and 

 spirits ; and they held' that man enjoys freedom 

 of will to do good or evil, and that hi- happiness 

 or unhappiness i- the work of his own hands alone. 

 They obviously lacked the religious energy of the 

 Pharisees, whose interests were centred in another 

 world, and, partly also from their superior social 

 position, became marked by superior culture, by 

 wnrldliness, and by merely political aims. Thus 

 Sadilnceeisni is denounced by Jesus as ' the leaven 

 of Herod,' while he only inveighs, as does the Tal- 

 mud, against the hypocrites amongst the Phiu i 

 The Sadducees disappear with the fall of the Jew- 

 ish state. We still tind mention of them in the 

 Minima, but the notices in the Talmud are far 

 from lieing clear. 



See Schilrer' HMory oftheJemth People in the Time 

 ofJaiu CkrM ( En*, trans, dir. ii. vol. li 1890); Well- 

 hmtuen, Die Pkarit&er und die Saddueatr (1874); 

 Montct, Ku-ii tar lei originet det partit Sadurtm et 

 Pha'uien ( 1884) ; nd the articles JEWS and PHARISEES. 



Sade, DONATIEX ALPHONSE FRANCOIS. M \n 

 QUIS DE, a notorious French romancer, was liorn at 

 Paris, June 2, 1740, fought in the Seven Years' 

 War, and was in 1772 condemned to death at Aix 

 for his nameless vices. He mode his escape. Inn 

 was afterwards imprisoned at Vincennes ami in the 

 Bastille, where lie wrote his fanta-tically scandalous 

 romances, Justine (1791), IM 1'hilotophir ilmm Ir 

 AW/oir (1793), Juliette ( 1798 i, ami /..% I'mnr* de 

 I'Amour ( 1800). Afterwards he went mad, and 

 died at Charenton, il December 1814. Ill- name 

 has supplieil to his hm^'ia^e the useful term 

 Saditme. See the study by Janin. 



Kadi (also spelt Sa'di, Saatti, and Sa'adi), the 

 assumed name of the SHKIKII MUSLIM ADMS. 

 one of the most celebrated of Persian poet*, whc 

 was liorn at Shim/ about the year 1184. Little 

 is known of the circumstances of his life. His 

 father's name was Ahdallah, and he was a de- 

 scendant of Ali, Mohammed'- son-in-law; not- 

 withstanding his noble lineage, however, he held 

 lint an insignificant position. Siidi was early 

 left fatherless. He received his education in 

 science and theology at Bagdad, and from here he 

 undertook, together with his master, his first pil- 

 grimage to Afecca, a pilgrimage which he sulwe- 

 quently repeated no less than fourteen times. He 

 travelled for a great numlier of years, and is said 

 to have visited parts of Europe, Barlwry, Abys- 

 sinia, Egypt, S\ii:i. Palestine, Armenia, Asia 

 Minor, Arabia, Persia, Tartary, Afghanistan, and 

 India. Near Jerusalem he was taken prisoner 

 by the Crusaders, not while righting against them, 

 but while practising religious austerities in the 

 desert. He was ransomed for ten dinars by a 

 merchant of Aleppo, who recognised him, and gii\e 

 him his daughter in marriage; this union, how- 

 ever, did not prove happy. He married a second 

 time, but loct his only son. The later part of 

 his life Sadi spent in "retirement near his native 

 town, and he died at a very old age in 690 A.H., or 

 1263 A.D. ; according to others, however, he did 

 not die until 1291 or 1292 A.D. In person he is 

 described as having been of rather insignificant 

 appearance, short, slim, and spare. His was a 

 contemplative, pious, and philosophical disposition. 

 The years of his retirement he occupied in compos- 

 ing those numerous works which have made him 

 justly famous through East and West Although 

 European critics would hardly be inclined to endorse 

 to the full the judgment passed upon him by his 

 countrymen, that he was 'the most eloquent of 

 writers, the wittiest author of either modern or 

 ancient times, and one of the four monarchs of 

 eloquence and style,' yet there is no doubt that 

 this ' nightingale of thousand songs ' fully merited 

 the honours showered upon him by prince- and 

 nobles, both during his lifetime and after his 

 death. A maiiM>leinii. with a mosque and college 

 attached to it, was erected in his honour at the 

 foot of the hills almut 2 miles to the north- 

 east of Shiraz, and the people, who soon wound a 

 halo of legend around his life, flocked thither in 

 pilgrimage. 



The catalogue of his works comprises twenty-two 

 dim-rent kinds of writings in prose and verse, in 

 Arabic and in Persian, of which ghazel* and 

 kussida* ('odes,' 'dirges') form the predominant 

 part. The most celebrated and finished of his 

 works, however, is the (lulittan, or Flower-garden, 

 a kind of moral work in prose and verse, consisting 

 of eight chapters on Kings, Dervishes, Content- 

 ment, Taciturnity. I. me and Youth, Decrepitude 

 and Old Age, Education, and the Duties of Society, 

 the whole intermixed with a numlier of stories, 

 maxims, philosophical sentences, puns, and the 

 like. Next to this stands the liostan, or Tree- 

 garden, a work somewhat similar to the Gulittnn, 

 but in verse, and of a more religions natme. 

 Third in rank stands the Pend-Nameh, or Book of 

 Instructions. Elegance and simplicity of style and 

 diction form the chief charm of Sadi's writings. 

 For wit he IIOK Ix-en likened to Horace, with whose 

 writing- he may not have been unacquainted, since 

 he is said to have known Latin. 



The firrt complete printed edition of his works, called 

 the s,ili- frllnr of Poet*, by Harrington, was pnblithcd in 

 Calcutta (1791-95), and hu been reprinted ainoe by 

 native premes in India. The ilulinbiu, first edited with 



a Latin truncation by Centra* (Amsterdam, 1051 ). has 

 been reprinted very frequently, and hu been traimUted 



