SADLER 



SAFES 



69 



into a number of European tongues, into English by 

 Gladwin, Rons, Eastwick, and Platts ; and see Robinson's 

 Fenian Poetry for Englith Readers ( 1883). The Bostan 

 was first published complete in Calcutta in 1828 ( Vienna, 

 1858), and has likewise been translated into other 

 languages; With Sa'di in the Garden, by Sir Edwin 

 Arnold (1889), is a translation of part of the Boston. 

 Many manuscript copies of Sadi's works exist. A care- 

 fully collated M& of the B&ttdn of Shaikh ifutlMu-d- 

 l>in &i'nJl, prepared by Platts, was photographed and 

 published in London, with annotations by Rogers, in 1891. 



Sadler. SIR RALPH, was born in 1507, and was 

 employed by Cromwell, Henry, and Elizabeth in 

 diplomacy with Scotland. He was left one of the 

 twelve councillors of Edward VI. 's minority, fought 

 at Pinkie, sat in the commission on Qneen Mary 

 at York, and was her gaolor at Tutbury. He was 

 sent to carry the news of her execution to her son, 

 ami died himself soon after in 1587. 



His Paperi, of great value for Border and Scottish 

 history generally, were edited by Sir Walter Scott, with 

 a Memoir ( 1809). 



Sadoleto, JACOPO, was born at Modena in 

 1577. His father, a distinguished jurist in Ferrara, 

 was in a |>osition to give his son every advantage of 

 a liberal education. Sent by his father to Rome in 

 1502, he there found a patron in Olivero Caraffa 

 (under whose roof he lived for some years ), and even- 

 tually entered the church. On the accession of Leo X. 

 the polished Latin style of Sadoleto gained him the 

 position of apostolical secretary, an appointment he 

 held under two other popes, Clement VII. and 

 Paul III. By Leo he was also made bishop of 

 Carpentras in 1517, though he did not leave Rome 

 till four years later. Settled in hi charge, he 

 performed it- duties with a devotion that com- 

 manded the respect even of those who hud broken 

 with the Church of Rome. Both by Clement VII. 

 ami Paul III. he was successively summoned to 

 Rome to give his aid in the councils of the 

 church. By the latter of these popes he was in 

 1536 made cardinal, greatly, he affirms, against his 

 own will, as his chief desire was the pursuit of his 

 favourite studies and the faithful performance of 

 the duties of his charge. In 1544 he acted as legate 

 to Francis I. on a fruitless mission to effect peace 

 with Charles V. He died at Rome in 1547. 



By his high character and his literary gifts 

 and accomplishments Sadoleto ranks as one of the 

 most distinguished churchmen of his age. While 

 he cultivated classical studies with all the enthusi- 

 asm of the dissolute Bembo, he still preserved his 

 Christian feeling and the sense of the responsi- 

 bilities of his profession. He had sincerely at heart 

 th- reform at least of the discipline of the church, 

 and had his counsels and example been followed 

 Home would have played a worthier part in the 

 ii-ligioofi revolution of the 16th century. He corre- 

 sponded with many of the Protestant leaders, and 

 <li'l his utmost to find a common basis on which 

 I'-iinion might be possible. His works mainly con- 

 '>f his personal and official letters, and of ODIN 

 mentaries on the Psalms and on the Epistles of St. 

 Paul. On these last Erasmus passes the curious 

 criticism 'that their very polish of expression will 



itli -.line take off the edge of their pious suggest- 

 ion.' s.n lull-til'- complete works were published at 

 MM in 1759, with an annotated life prefi 



, 



See Joly'g Etude tur Sadoleto ( Caen, 1856). 

 Sadowa. See KONIOORATZ. 

 Safe-conduct. See PASSPORT. 



prefixed. 



d, one of the four holy cities of the modern 

 Jews in Palestine, spreads in horseshoe shape 

 round a hill 2700 feet almve the Mediterranean, 6 

 mill's N \V. of the Sen of Galilee. Here dwell gome 

 2,000 Jews, 5000 Moslems, and 200 Christians. 

 The town was overthrown by earthquakes in 1759 

 and 1*37. A castle of the Christians, built 



during the Crusades, was destroyed by the sultan 

 of Damascus in 1220, and, having been rebuilt by 

 the Templars, was again taken and destroyed by 

 Beybars of Egypt in 1266. The Jewish colony 

 has been settled here since the 16th century, and 

 embraces many immigrants from Poland. 



Safes. The manufacture of iron safes for the 

 preservation of money and valuable papers has 

 become one of great importance. The founda- 

 tion of the plan on winch fireproof safes are 

 still constructed was laid by a Mr Richard Scott 

 in 1801. Mr Thomas Milner in 1840 patented a 

 fireproof safe embodying the same principle, but 

 with some improvements. In 1843 letters-patent 

 were granted to Messrs Tann for the use of a mix- 

 ture of pounded alum and gypsum, previously 

 heated and cooled, us a fire-resisting medium placed 

 between two plates of iron, from 3 to 6 inches 

 apart, which together form the wall of the safe. 

 Milner's plan was to fill the jacket formed by the 

 double-plated sides with sawdust, in which were 

 packed a number of small tubes filled with an 

 alkaline salt. These tubes burst when exposed 

 to heat, and the sawdust becomes pervaded with 

 moisture. When alum or sulphate of alumina 

 is used there can be no charring till the large 

 quantity of water these salts contain is expelled ; 

 and this is a slow process, as the heat causes a 

 protecting crust of the anhydrous salt to form on 

 the inside of the outer plate. Fireproof safes are 

 still made on the same principle. 



Safes are made to resist the efforte of burglars by 

 making tin 1 outer wall of three plates, the centre 

 one being of very hard and the other two of mild 

 steel. All three are screwed together from the 

 inside. By this arrangement the wall is made very 

 ditlicult to drill. To prevent the door being 

 wrenched off by wedges or other means, Messrs 

 Chubb make the liolts of the lock, which emerge 

 from the four edges of the rectangular door, to 

 shoot diagonally, and so dovetail the door at the 

 top, bottom, and sides to the frame of the safe (see 

 LOCK). 



Public safe-deposits for the safe-keeping of 

 important documents, cash, gold and silver plate, 

 and other valuables, have been constructed in 

 recent years in many American cities, as well as in 

 London and other large towns in Great Britain. 

 Some of these contain a large numl>er of safes, the 

 building of the National Safe Deposit Company, 

 Queen Victoria Street, London, having room for as 

 many as 20,000. The brick walls of this company's 

 great safe-vault are 3 feet thick, faced externally 

 with firebrick and lined internally with cast-iron 

 plates, 4J inches thick, strengthened by imbedded 

 wrought-iron bars. The separate compartments of 

 the vault have doors, 12 inches thick, formed of 

 metal plates of different degrees of hardness. These 

 weigh 4 tons each, and are raised and lowered, port- 

 cullis-like, by hydraulic power. Chancery Lane 

 Safe Deposit was 'opened in 1885. Its chief portion 

 consists of four strong rooms 'armour-plated ' and 

 built on iron columns in vaults, but completely 

 isolated from the external walls, so that armed 

 patrols (armed watchmen guard the above safe- 

 vault also) can, during the night, walk round, over, 

 and under them. These rooms contain about 5000 

 separate safes and have doors weighing 2 tons each, 

 which by a clockwork arrangement can only be 

 opened at certain hours. The lock of a single safe 

 cannot be opened unless both renter and custodian 

 are present as each has a different key for the same 

 safe. In the case of the Safe Deposit, opened in 

 1891, in St James Street, London, the walls, roof, 

 and floor are formed of a triple thickness of 

 Siemens-Martin steel together having a minimum 

 thickness of H inch. The middle plate is of hard 

 and the two outer plates are of soft steel, and 



