SAGE COCK 



SAGO 



73 



Sage (.Wi -in offieinalu) : 

 a, a flower. 



odour and bitter taste indicate. The leaves and 

 flowering parts of the plant, infused as tea, are 

 considered tonic and astringent. The tea, along 

 with vinegar or alum and honey, is a valuable 

 gargle in cases of inflammation of the throat and 

 relaxation of the uvula. The plant contains an 

 essential oil (Oil of Sage), which has been used in 

 liniments against rheumatism ; but its reputation 

 for this purpose is not now so high as formerly. 

 The oil contains much stearoptine. Sage grows 



beet in a dry soil, 

 and is easily pro- 

 pagated by slips 

 or cuttings. 

 Clary (q.v.) is a 

 species of sage. 

 Meadow Clary, 

 or Meadow Sage 

 (S. pratensis), is 

 a common orna- 

 ment of meadows 

 and borders of 

 fields in most 

 parts of the con- 

 tinent of Europe 

 and in the south 

 of England. It 

 has bluish-purple 

 flowers. The 

 Apple-bearing 

 Sage ( S. pomif- 

 ') u a native 

 of the south of 

 Europe and of 

 the East, remark- 

 able for ite very 

 large reddish or 

 pnrple bracts, 



and for the large gall-nnte which grow on its 

 branches, as on the leaves of the oak. The 

 peasantry of Crete collect these nut* and sell 

 them in the towns for the purpose of making 

 sweetmeats ; they have an aromatic sweet taste. 

 Some of the species of Sal via have very l>eantifnl 

 flowers, and are prized ornaments of gardens and 

 greenhouses. 



Hage Cock. See GROUSK. 



Naghalien, or SAKHALIN (though the proper 

 name is Karaftn), is a long (670 miles) and narrow 

 (20 to 150 miles) island, running north and south, 

 and jying close off the east coast of the Maritime 

 Province of Siberia. The Strait (or Gulf) of 

 Mamia Rinso (or Tartary) separates it from the 

 mainland ; the Strait of La Perouse parta its 

 southern extremity from the Japanese island of 

 Yezo ; and the misty, chilly sea of Okhotsk washes 

 it* eastern and northern shores. Owing to the 

 vicinity of this sea, to the presence of ice-floes off 

 the east coast, and to the dense forests, chiefly of 

 coniferous trees, which clothe the mountains (5000 

 feet) that run from end to end of the island, the 

 rainfall is heavy and mists very prevalent, so that 

 the climate is on the whole extremely raw and 

 cold. The rivers are navigable only for very short 

 distances ; but they, as well as the adjoining seas, 

 teem with fi*h. the rivers especially with salmon. 

 Petroleum and naphtha exist in the island, and 

 coal is mined by Russian convicts. Soon after the 

 Russians liecame masters of the whole island ( 1875) 

 they made an attempt to colonise it by means of 

 convicts ; but the scheme proved a failure, as neither 

 the climate nor the soil are adapted for agriculture. 

 Some 4000 to 50(10 convicts are, however, employed 

 to work the coal-mines. Area of island, 24,550 sq. 

 m. ; pop. 19,000, of whom one-half are Russians ; 

 the remainder belong to the Ainos (q.v.) and a 

 eouplf of Mongolic races, with some Japanese. 



Bears, sables, wild reindeer, tigers, and other 

 wild animals occur. The vegetation is chiefly 

 Siberian in character. Saghalien has been in- 

 habited since the stone age, of which, as well as 

 of the bronze age, many relics, such as dwellings, 

 bones, implements, &c., have been discovered. It 

 belonged to China until the beginning of the 

 19th century. The Japanese then considered 

 themselves masters of the southern part down 

 to 1875, when they ceded it to Russia, certain 

 of the Kurile islands being granted in return. 

 The Russians had l>egun to settle in the northern 

 part about 1857, and now are masters of the 

 whole island. 



, a city of Michigan, the third in pop- 

 ulation in the state, and the capital of Saginaw 

 county, is situated on an elevated plateau on the 

 banks of the navigable Saginaw River, 108 miles by 

 rail NNW. of Detroit. It has some handsome pub- 

 lic buildings, and is a flourishing city. It contains 

 extensive manufactories of flour, salt, lumber, and 

 barrels, and of sash, doors, blinds, &c. Pop. ( 1880) 

 10,525 ; of East Saginaw (with which it was incor- 

 porated in 1890), 19,016: together, 29,541 ; (1890) 

 46,322. SAGINAW BAV, an arm of Lake Huron, 

 the largest indentation of the southern peninsula 

 of Michigan, is 60 miles long by 30 wide, and has 

 several fine harbours. The river Saginaw (SOmiles) 

 falls into it. 



Saiiiila. or ARROW-WORM, a genus of small 

 pelagic worms, included along with one other 

 genus Spadella in the class Chtetognatha. The 

 arrow- worms occur in all seas ; they often measure 

 about an inch in length, and are quite translucent. 

 The animal is divided by two partitions into three 

 regions, head, body, and* tail. .In the mouth there 

 are sickle-shaped bristles or 'jaws,' to which the 

 term Chwtognatha refers. There are two pairs of 

 thin lateral 'fins,' and the tail is similarly fringed. 

 The animals are hermaphrodite, the paired ovaries 

 and testes developing from two cells which 

 appear at a very early stage in the history of 

 the embryo. Each cell divides into two an 

 ovarian and a testicular rudiment. The develop- 

 ment is very regular; the anatomy of the adult 

 U in many ways unique and of much zoological 

 interest. 



See / Chataynathi ( 1883), by Grassi. in the monographs 

 on the Fauna of the Gulf of Naples ; ' Die Chntognatlien ' 

 by P. Hertwig, in Jenaitdu Zeitichft. f. Natunmti. xiv. 

 (1880). 



Sago, a nutritive, farinaceous substance ob- 

 taineJ from the pith of several species of palms, 

 principally, however, from Sagus (Metroxylon ) Rum- 

 I'liii, the spiny, and S. larvis, which is spineless. 

 For the natives of the Eastern Archipelago this 

 palm is a source of vegetable food naturally more 

 abundant and less variable in its yield than rice. 

 The stem consists of a thin hard wall, about 2 

 inches thick, and of an enormous volume of a 

 spongy medullary substance, which is edible. Each 

 tree yields about 600 Ib. of pith. There are three 

 well-marked tarieties of this palm. The tree grows 

 in Java, Sumatra, Celelies, Borneo, Malacca, and 

 Siiim. The only countries, however, where it is 

 found growing in large forests are New Guinea, 

 the Moluccas, Celebes, Mindanao, Borneo, and 

 Sumatra, lieing widely spread over the Moluccas, 

 but confined to particular parts of the others. 

 There js no regular fixed season for extracting 

 the farinaceous pith, which is taken as occasion 

 requires, and as the individual tree becomes mature, 

 which is at about fifteen years. 



These palms propagate themselves by lateral 

 shoots as well as by seed, and they die after pro- 

 ducing fruit, so that a sago-plantation once formed 

 is perpetual. Sago-meal is eateu by the natives in 



