80 



8T AFFRIQUE 



ST ANDREWS 



SI Vflri<|iic. a town of the French dept. 

 of Aveyron, 66 miles N\V. of Montpellier, stands 

 in a beautiful valley in the midst of meadows, 

 orchards, and vineyards. There is a considerable 

 trade in wool ana in the celebrated Roquefort 

 cheese (see ROQUEFORT). Pop. 6081. 



SI Vlbans. a city of Hertfordshire, 20 miles 

 N N \\ . of London, on the top and northern slope 

 of an eminence washed by the Ver, one of the chief 

 feeders of the Colne, across which stood Veruliimiiim. 

 That important Koman station is perhaps identical 

 with the fortress of Cassivellaunus, destroyed in 

 54 B.C. by Cinsar, and was taken by Boodicea in 61 

 A. ii. In honour of the protomartyr Alban, said to 

 have been beheaded here about 303 for sheltering 

 the Christian priest AmphibaluR, Offa, king of 

 Mercia, in 793 founded a great Benedictine abbey, 

 which from Pope Adrian IV. (q.v., born at Bed- 

 mi mil, 3 miles S\V. i obtained precedence over 

 all other abbeys in England. Rebuilt after 1077 

 with flat Roman tijes from Verulam by Abbot Paul 

 of Caen, and dedicated in 1115 in the presence 

 of Henry I., the abbey church, in spite or succes- 

 sive alterations ( Early English, Decorated, Perpen- 

 dicular), is still ' the vastest and sternest ' of early 

 Norman structures, its exterior length (548 feet) 

 being second only to Winchester's, whilst the tran- 

 septs measure 189 feet across, and the massive 

 central tower is 144 feet high. It was made the 

 cathedral of a new diocese in 1877, and since 1871 

 has been very thoroughly restored by Sir G. G. 

 Scott and Sir Edmund Beckett, the nave being 

 reopened on 21st October 1885. Special features 

 of interest are the substructure of the shrine of St 

 Alban (its 2000 shattered fragments pieced to- 

 gether), the tombs of Duke Humphrey of Glou- 

 cester and ' Sir John Mandeville,' the superb pres- 

 bytery reredos, and Abbot Ramrvge's chantry. 

 Of the forty abbots down to the Dissolution in 

 1539 the greatest was Cardinal Wolsey ; and 

 among the monks were Matthew Paris, Roger 

 \\endover, Rishanger, and the other compilers of 

 the Chronica Monasterii S. Albani, which, like 

 the Treatise of Dame Juliana Berners (q.v.), was 

 printed here at Abbot Wallingford's press, and 

 which has been edited for the Rolls series (25 vols. 

 1863-91). The abbey gatehouse was in 1869 con- 

 verted from a gaol to the purposes of Kin;; Edward 

 VI. 's grammar-school, which till then had occupied 

 the Lady Chapel ; else, nothing remains of the 

 monastic buildings. In St Michael's Church is 

 Lord Bacon's monument ; the 15th-century clock- 

 tower was restored in 1864 : and a drinking- 

 f cm n tain marks the site of an Eleanor's cross. 

 demolished in 1702. There are almshouses founded 

 by the famous Duchess of Marllwrough, a town- 

 hall (1832), a corn exchange (1857), and a free 

 library (1880). The industries include straw- 

 plaiting, brewing, boot and brush making, and 

 silk-manufacture. St Alhans, which was dis- 

 franchised for bribery in 1852, was incorporated 

 by Edwnnl VI. in 1553, and had its municipal 

 boundary extended in 1879. It was the scene of 

 two but ill's in the Wars of the Roses (ii.v.) the 

 first, on 22d May 1455, a victory for the Yorkists ; 

 the second, on 17th February 1461, for the Lan- 

 castrians. Pop. ( IH.-.1) 7000; (1891) 12,898. 



See f. U William.' BMory of Verulam (1822); C. 

 H. Anli'luwn, ,St AllxiM, Hiitiirical and Picturetque 

 ( 1804 ) ; and work* on the cathedral by Peter Newcome 

 (1793), J. W. Comyui Carr (1877), Jame Neale (1878). 



SI Aniand. a town of France, dept. Cher, 

 on tin- river Cher, 25 miles SSE. of Buurgps, with 

 ironworks and porcelain-factories. Pop. 7722. 



SI Amand-h's-Kailx. a town of France, dept. 



Nord, H miles N\V. of Valenciennes, with hot 

 sulphur-springs and a ruined abbev. Pop. 8722 



SI Andrews, one of the smaller towns of Scot- 

 land, but no mean city in age, importance, or 

 historical interest, stands on a rocky plateau at 

 the edge of St Andrews Bay, and is 42 miles NNE. 

 of Edinburgh. From the number and nature of 

 the remains of ancient burial found in and around 

 the city there can be little doubt that there was 

 a settlement here in early prehistoric limes. The 

 monkish legend, long discredited. a i^ned its eccle- 

 siastical origin to St Regulus (q.v.) i Uulc, who, 

 warned in a dream, brought certain bones of St 

 Andrew from Pa trap in the 4th century, and, like 

 too many foreigners in the present day, was wrecked 

 at Muckros, afterwards called Kilnmont, now St 

 Andrews. There is, however, reason for believing 

 not only that those relics were brought in the 8tn 

 century, but that, before the end of the litli. Cain- 

 nech or Kenneth, the patron saint of Kilkenny, had 

 founded a monastery at Rig-Monadh, the Royal 

 Mount, and that thus arose the name of Kilrimont. 

 Early in the 10th century it seemingly became 

 the seat of the 'Ardepscop Albain,' the high 

 bishop of the Scots ; and in Queen Margaret's time 

 he Itegan to be called the Bishop of St Andrews. 

 The Augiistinian I'riory, founded in 1144, was the 

 richest and {greatest of all the religious houses of 

 Scotland. The Cathedral, founded in or about 

 1160 in presence of Malcolm IV., and consecrated 

 in 1318 in presence of Roller t the Bruce, was 

 stripped of it - linages and ornaments in 1559, and 

 afterwards fell into ruin. The extreme length in- 

 side is 355 feet, but at one time it had Ix-en several 

 bays longer. The Bishop's Palace or Castle, first 

 built in 1200, was frequently demolished and 

 rebuilt, and is now a ruin. George Wishart and 

 other martyrs were confined in it.- 'bottbj dungeon,' 

 and Cardinal Beaton was slain within its motive 

 walls. None of the ruins is less imposing or more 

 interesting than the foundations on the Kirkhill 

 the site of the Celtic church. St Rule's Tower has 

 probably occasioned more discussion ami perplexed 

 more archaeologists than any other building in 

 Scotland. Its arches, as well as that of its roof- 

 less chapel, approach the horseshoe in form. The 

 parish church, which was almost entirely rebuilt 

 in 1798, was founded in 1412. It- predecessor, 

 which stood near the cathedral, was built three 

 centuries earlier. Of the Black Friars Monas- 

 tery a portion of the chapel remain- : but of 

 the Grey Friars almost nothing. The schools 

 of St Andrews were noted in 1120; but the 

 Vnivcrsity, the first in Scotland, only dates 

 from 1411. St Sal valor's College was founded in 

 1455, St Leonard's in 1512, and St Mary's in 

 1537. St Salvator's and St Leonard's were united 

 in 1747. The average attendance of students is 

 about 200; but much is also being done for the 

 higher education of women. The library contains 

 over 100,000 volumes, and there is a good museum. 

 The parish church of St Leonard's is rootless, and 

 the congregation worships in the beautiful chapel 

 of St balvator's. The Madras College, founded 

 and endowed by Dr Bell, has been recently re- 

 modelled and placed under a new governing liody. 

 The town was erected into a free buigh lictween 

 1144 and ll.Vt. In those days the inhabitants were 

 described as Scotch, French, Flemish, and Knglish. 

 In 1526 it was reckoned one of the six ' princi- 

 pale townis of merchandice of this realm; 'but it 

 lias now almost no trade. The small hailxnn sutlices 

 for the few coasting vessels which frequent it. For 

 a number of years the fishers were increasing 

 rapidly, but the steam trawlers are proving too 

 much for them. There is a small brewery, and a 

 smaller foundry. The manufacture of golf-clubs 

 and balls is naturally a thriving industry, St 

 Andrews being known all over the world as the 

 headquarters of golf. It is a popular watering- 



