SAINT ARNAUD 



ST BERNARD 



81 



place anil summer-resort. For the St Andrews 

 group of Imrghs, see the article PARLIAMENT, 

 p. 778. Pop. ( 1801 ) 3263 ; ( 1891 ) 6853. 



See, besides the Regiftrum Prioratua Sancti Andrea 

 (Bann. Club, 1841), the Register of the Kirk Session 

 (Scot. Hist. Soc., 1889-90), and Martyri and Confciiurs 

 of Ht Andrewt (1887), works by Martine (Reliquiae, 

 1797), Grierson (1807), Lyon (1843), Rogers (1849), J. 

 M. Anderson (1878), and A. Lang (1894). 



Saint Arnaud, JACQUES LEROY DE, a French 

 marshal, was born at Bordeaux, 20th August 1796, 

 and became a soldier. He fought for the Greeks in 

 1822-26, but made his reputation in Algeria. In 

 1847 he was made a general of brigade; and in 

 the early part of 1851 he carried on a bloody 

 but successful warfare with the Kabyles. Louis 

 Napoleon, plotting the overthrow of the republic, 

 was at this time on the lookout for resolute and 

 unscrupulous accomplices ; and he recalled General 

 Saint Arnaud and appointed him to the command of 

 the second division of the city forces. On 26th 

 October Saint Arnaud became war minister, and 

 took an active part in the arrangements for the 

 coup d'etat of 2d December, and in the subsequent 

 massacres at the barricades. For these services he 

 was rewarded with the marshal's baton. On the 

 breaking out of the Crimean war in 1854 he was 

 entrusted with the command of the French forces, 

 and co-operated with Lord Raglan in the battle of 

 the Alma, 20th September. But nine days after- 

 wards he died on Doard ship, on his way home to 

 France. See his Lettres ( ed. by his brother, 2 vols. 

 1-siUi. 



St Asaph, a little cathedral city of Flintshire, 

 North Wales, on an eminence between the rivers 

 Elwy and Clwyd, 6 miles SSE. of Rhyl. The 

 cathedral, 182 feet long, is the smallest in the 

 kingdom, and, rebuilt after 1284, is a plain, cruci- 

 form, red sandstone structure, mainly Decorated in 

 style, with a massive central tower 93 feet high, 

 fine oak stalls, and a tablet to Mrs Hemans, who 

 lived here 1809-28. It was restored by Scott in 

 1867-75. St Kentigern (q.v.) is said to have 

 founded aliout 560 a bishopric at Llanelwy, re- 

 named St Asaph after his favourite disciple. 

 Among sixty-five bishops since 1143 have been 

 Ki-^iiiald Pecock; W. Morgan, the first translator 

 of the Bible into Welsh ; Isaac Barrow the elder, 

 on whose monument is a request for prayers for his 

 soul ; W. Lloyd, one of the Seven Bishops ; Thomas 

 Tanner ; and S. Horsley. St Asaph has a grammar- 

 school, founded about 1600, and rebuilt in 1882. It 

 is one of the eight Flint parliamentary boroughs. 

 Pop. 1901. 



See works by Browne Willis (1719), E. A. Freeman 

 (1850), K. J. King (Murray's Welth Cathedral!, 1873), 

 and D. H. Thomas ('Diocesan Histories' series, 1888). 



8t Aug'llStine, an ancient Spanish town on 

 the east coast of Florida, now the capital of St 

 John's county, stands on Matanzas Sound, 2 miles 

 from the Atlantic and 37 miles by rail SSE. of 

 Jacksonville. It was founded in 1565, and is the 

 oldest town in the United States. Its mild and 

 equable climate renders it a favourite winter-resort 

 for invalids. It is a Roman Catholic bishop's see, 

 and contains a cathedral and convent ; and it has 

 also a Peabody Institute. Pop. 2300. 



8t Anstell, a town of Cornwall, 14 miles NE. 

 of Truro and 1J NW. of the head of St Anstell 

 Bay. It has some woollen and iron manufactures, 

 but owes its importance to the china-clay, tin, and 

 copper that are worked in the vicinity ( see POT- 

 TERY, Vol. VIII. p. 360). The interesting church 

 ( 13th to 16th century) was restored in 1870. Pop. 

 (1861)3825; (1891) 3477. 



St Bartholomew, or ST BARTHELEMY, a 

 French West Indian island, 190 miles E. of Porto 

 422 



Rico. Area, 8 sq. m. ; pop. 2835. The treeless 

 surface rises to 1003 feet ; the climate is very dry. 

 French from 1648 till 1784, the island then was 

 Swedish till 1877, when it was bought back by 

 France for 16,000. 



St Bees, a coast village of Cumberland, 4\ 

 miles S. of Whitehaven by rail and 3 SE. of St 

 Bees Head (300 feet). A nunnery founded here 

 about 656 A.D. by an Irish princess, St Begha, 

 appears to have been destroyed by the Danes, 

 and to have been reconstituted as a Benedictine 

 priory in the reign of Henry I. St Bees College 

 was established in J816 by Dr Law, then Bishop 

 of Chester, to supply a systematic training in 

 divinity to candidates for ordination whose means 

 were inadequate to defray the expenses of a uni- 

 versity. The bishops of the province of York had 

 previously been compelled to ordain a number of 

 such men as literates, the poverty of many of the 

 northern benefices not securing a sufficient supply 

 of graduates. A portion of the ruined priory church 

 of St Bees was fitted up by the Earl of Lonsdale as 

 lecture-rooms, library, &c. On the recommenda- 

 tion of the bishop, an incumbent was selected for 

 the perpetual curacy of St Bees by the patron, the 

 Earl of Lonsdale, with a view to his holding the 

 position of principal of the college. The expenses 

 were defrayed from the fees paid by the students 

 10 each term ; and the college course extended 

 over two years. Standard English divinity works, 

 with the Greek Testament, were chiefly studied. 

 The average number of students was long about 60, 

 but had for many years been diminishing, when in 

 1896 the college was closed. Near the church is a 

 grammar-school founded by Archbishop Grindall in 

 1587, and reconstituted in 1881. St Bees is in some 

 repute as a sea-bathing place. 



St Benoit, a town on the east coast of the 

 island of Reunion ; pop. 10,000. 



t Benoit-dll-Sault, a town in the French 

 dep. of Indre, 40 miles NE. of Limoges ; pop. 1800. 



St Berain-sur-Dheime, a coal-mining town 

 in the French dep. of (Sadne-et-Loire, 20 miles SE. of 

 Autun ; pop. 1200. 



St Bernard, the name of two mountain- 

 passes in the Alps. (1) GREAT ST BERNARD 

 is on the road between Aosta in Piedmont and 

 Martigny in the Swiss canton of Valais, and is 

 8120 feet above sea-level. Almost on its crest 

 stands the celebrated hospice founded in 962 by 

 Bernard de Menthon, a neighbouring nobleman, 

 for the benefit of pilgrims journeying to Rome. It 

 now affords sleeping-accommodation for eighty 

 travellers, and can give shelter to about 300 in 

 all. The hospice is connected with a station in 

 the valley below, from which the monks above are 

 warned by telephone when travellers are on their 

 way up the mountain. The keepers of the hospice 

 are a dozen or so of Augustinian monks, all young 

 and strong ; their work is, with the aid of large 

 dogs, to rescue travellers who are in danger of 

 perishing from the snow and cold. The dogs used 

 are the short -coated variety of the ' St Bernard 

 dog' (see next article). The rigorous cold and 

 the difficulty of breathing the rarefied air frequently 

 do permanent injury to the health of the monks 

 in charge. In 1889 a botanical garden, chiefly for 

 Alpine plants, was laid out in the Entremontthal, 

 on the northern slope of the pass. Diggings in 

 1890 revealed the foundation of a small Roman 

 temple of imperial times near the summit of the 

 pass, with a few bronzes and other antiques. 

 (2) LITTLE ST BERNARD, SW. of the above in 

 the Graian Alps, connects the valley of Aosta with 

 that of Tarantaise in Savoy. By this pass Hannibal 

 is believed to have led his forces into Italy. It too 

 has a hospice, 7143 feet above the sea. 



