ST CLAIR 



SAINTE-BEUVE 



83 





St Cllir, a navigable river of North America, 

 in the line of the Great Lakes, and carrying 

 (225,000 cubic feet per second) into Lake St Clair 

 the waters of Lake Huron. It is over 40 miles 

 long, and half a mile broad. In 1891 a railway 

 tunnel under its bed was completed between Port 

 Huron, Michigan, and Sanaa, Ontario, 20 feet in 

 diameter, and 6026 ( including excavated approaches, 

 11,553) feet long. Lake St Clair is 26 miles long 

 and 25 wide, has an area of 410 sq. in., and from 

 its south-west end passes the volume of water it has 

 received into Lake Erie by means of the Detroit. 



St Clair, a borough of Pennsylvania, 5 miles 

 by a branch-line N. of Pottsville, with ricb'mines 

 of anthracite coal, and a pop. ( 1890) of 6950. 



8t Claude, a town in a valley surrounded by 

 hills, in the French departmentof Jura, with a pop. of 

 8116, largely occupied with turner's work, cabinet- 

 making, and a trade in cheese. The monastery 

 here dates from 430 A.D. 



St Cloud, a town of France, dept. Seine-et- 

 Oise, situated on an eminence near the Seine, 10 

 miles by rail \V. of Paris. Henry III. was assas- 

 sinated here in 1589 by the fanatical monk Jacques 

 Clement. St Cloud was long famous on account 

 of its magnificent chateau, built by Louis XIV. 's 

 brother, the Duke of Orleans. Napoleon planned 

 and carried out here the coup of 18th Brumaire, 

 and after he became emperor made this chateau his 

 favourite place of residence. It was destroyed, 

 and its magnificent park (in which stands the 

 Sevres porcelain-factory) greatly injured, during 

 the siege of Paris in 1870. Pop. "53 16. 



St Croix, an American river, called also the 

 Passamaquoddy and the Schoodic, which, flow- 

 ing out of Grand Lake, on the eastern border of 

 Maine, runs south-east 75 miles to Passamaquoddy 

 Bay, and forms a portion of the boundary between 

 the United States and New Brunswick. See also 

 SANTA CRUZ. 



St Cyr, a village of France, dept. Seine-et-Oise, 

 about 2 miles by rail W. of Versailles. It owes its 

 origin to an educational institution for poor girls of 

 good birth, founded by Louis XIV., at the sugges- 

 tion of Madame de Maintenon. It was for its 250 

 pupils that Racine wrote his tragedies of Esther 

 and At lnil if. Madame de Maintenon died here, 

 and was buried in the choir of the church. The 

 institution was suppressed at the Revolution ; and 

 in 1806 the buildings were converted by Napoleon 

 into a military school, which still exists. Pop. 

 3296. 



St Davids, a ' city ' of Pembrokeshire, South 

 Wales, in the westernmost corner of the Princi- 

 pality, on the rivulet Alan, within 1} mile of St 

 Brides Bay and 16 miles WNW. of Haverfordwest 

 station. The ancient Menevia, it is now a mere 

 \ ilhi;/!' ; but in the middle ages its cathedral, with 

 the shrine of its founder, St David ( <j.v. ), the patron 

 saint of Wales, attracted many pilgrims, among 

 tli'-m the Conqueror, Henry II., and Edward 1. 

 iind i^ueen Eleanor. Rebuilt between 1180 and 

 I.V22, that cathedral still is mainly Transition 

 Nnnnan in character, a cruciform pile, measuring 

 -".is I'.-ct by 120 across the transepts, with a central 

 tower 116 feet high. Special features are the 

 reddish-hued stone, the richly ornamented nave 

 witli fretted timl>er roof, the rood screen (c. 1338), 

 the base of St David's shrine, the tomb of Edmund 

 Tudor, Henry VII. 's father, and the mosaics by 

 Salviati. The west front was rebuilt by Nash in 

 1793 ; and the whole was restored by Scott in 

 1862-78. Little is known of the British bishops 

 after St David's death in 601 ; of the seventy-two 

 ince 1115 may lie mentioned Archbishops Thoresby 

 and Chichely, Barlow, Ferrar the Marian martyr, 



Middleton the forger, Archbishop Laud, Main- 

 waring, Bull, Lowth, Horsley, and Thirlwall. 

 North of the cathedral is the ruined college of St 

 Mary ( 1377 ), with a slender tower 70 feet high ; 

 and across the Alan are the stately remains of 

 Bishop Gower's palace (1342), which Bishop Jones 

 and Mr Freeman considered to be ' altogether 

 unsurpassed by any existing edifice of the kind.' 

 A restored cross, the shattered Close wall, and the 

 imposing Tower Gate deserve notice, and also St 

 Davids Head, rising 100 feet above the sea. Pop. 

 of the parish, 2053. 



See works by Browne Willis (1717), Manby (1801), 

 Bishop Jones and E. A. Freeman (1856), Sir G. G. Scott 

 (1869), and the Rev. W. L. Bevan (1888). 



St Denis, a town in the French department 

 of Seine, 4 miles N. of Paris, is situated within the 

 line of forts forming the outer defences of the 

 city, and was itself formerly fortified. It has 

 manufactures of printed calicoes, flour, chemicals, 

 machinery, white-lead, and other commodities. 

 A famous sheep and parchment fair has been held 

 here since 1552. The town is supposed to date 

 from the foundation of a chapel raised above the 

 tomb of St Denis (q.v.). This chapel was re- 

 placed in the 7th century by an abbey, built by 

 Dagobert I., who was buried in its church,' 

 which thereafter became the mausoleum of the 

 kings of France. The existing abbey church 

 was begun by Abbot Suger in 1137, and skilfully 

 restored by Viollet-le-Duc from 1848 onwards, 

 though it suffered again in the bombardment of 

 the town by the Germans in 1871. Monuments 

 were erected above each of the royal tombs by 

 St Louis, and the series was -continued in after 

 ages. The most magnificent of these memorial! 

 are the tombs of Louis XII. and his queen, Anne 

 of Brittany, of Francis I. and Claude, and of 

 Henry II. and Catharine de' Medici. The abbey 

 was plundered by the English in 1430. Napoleon 

 converted it into a school for the daughters of 

 officers of the legion of honour. During the Revolu- 

 tion, in 1793, the royal tombs were sacrilegiously 

 rifled and demolished, and the bodies cast indis- 

 criminately into ditches prepared for them. Pop. 

 (1872) 31,850; (1891) 50,99:2. See D'Ayzac His- 

 toire de FAbbaye de Saint-Denis (1861 ). 



St Denis, the capital of Reunion (q.v.). 



St-Di, a town of the Frencli department of 

 Vosges, stands on the Meurthe, 50 miles by rail 

 SE. of Nancy, possesses a Romanesque-Gothic 

 cathedral, a large seminary, and a museum, and 

 carries on energetically the weaving of cotton, the 

 making of hosiery, paper, machinery, and iron 

 goods. It is a convenient point from which to 

 make excursions into the Vosges Mountains. Pop. 

 (1872) 9748; (1886) 14,047 ; (1891) 17,082. 



St Dizier, a town of France (dept. Haute- 

 Marne), 38 miles by rail SE. of Chalons, is situated 

 on the Marne, which here begins to be navigable. 

 In 1544 it resisted for some weeks the army of 

 Charles V., and in 1814 the French twice defeated 

 here the invading army of the allies. There are 

 iron forges and foundries, boat-building yards, and 

 cotton -factories. Pop. (1881)9863; (1891)12,577. 



St Domingo. See HAYTI, SAN DOMINGO. 

 St Domingo Bark is one of the names for Caribbee 

 Bark (q.v.). 



Sainte-Beuve, CHARLES -AIIGUSTIN, the 

 greatest literary critic of modern times, was born 

 at Boulogne-sur-Mer in 1804. His father was com- 

 missioner of taxes in the town, and was a man of 

 literary tastes. He died three months before the 

 birth of his son, but it was from him that Sainte- 

 Beuve deduced the leading bent of his own 

 character and talent. His mother, nee Augustine 



