94 



ST PAUL 



ST PETERSBURG 



in selling whisky to the soldiers at Fort Snelling 

 in the vicinity. The first log-huts were erected 

 on the site of the city in 1840, and in 1841, at 

 the suggestion of a Roman Catholic priest who 

 made occasional visite, a small log-chapel was 

 erected and dedicated to St Paul, which has given 

 the name to the city. In 1842 the first family of 

 American ancestry arrived, and in 1846 the hamlet 

 had become of sufficient importance to have a post- 

 office. In the act of the United States congress 

 passed in 1849 authorising the organisation of 

 Minnesota Territory, St Paul was designated as 

 the capital, and from that time has occupied an 

 important position. Then a town of about 500 in- 

 habitants, without a brick or stone building, in 

 1854 it was incorporated as a city ; and in 1891 the 

 population was nearly 150,000. Upon the lower 

 plateau of limestone rock are the capitol, post- 

 office, court-house, and large stores ; the best 

 private residences are on the upper plateau, over- 

 looking the Mississippi. The Summit Avenue is 

 noted for its width and the beauty and costliness 

 of the houses. The sanitation of the city is 

 excellent. Ample provision is made for educa- 

 tion. In 1851 there were two small wooden school- 

 houses ; in 1891 there were 45 school buildings, 

 468 teachers, 18,000 pupils, all under the super- 

 vision of a board of education and superin- 

 tendent. Besides these schools supported by 

 the public are numerous private schools. There 

 are several colleges, not under the control of the 

 city or state : Macalester College, the oldest of 

 these, was chartered in 1853, and that year opened 

 its preparatory department, known as the Baldwin 

 School ; II amlinc University, chartered in 1854, is 

 under the control of the Methodist Church ; and 

 St Thomas College is a Roman Catholic insti- 

 tution. The water-works furnish a daily supply 

 of eight million gallons. All part* of the city 

 are reached by electric street-railways. The free 

 City Library contains 30,000 volumes. There are 

 138 churches, of which 19 are Baptist, 10 Congre- 

 gational, 22 Lutheran, 23 Methodist, 14 Presby- 

 terian, 12 Protestant Episcopal, and 19 Roman 

 Catholic. In a central depot ten railways receive 

 and deliver passengers. St Paul is the centre of 

 the wholesale grocery and dry -goods business in 

 Minnesota. Pop. (1860) 10,701 ; (1870) 20,030; 

 (1880)41,473; (1890) 133,156; ( 1900) 163,632. 



SI Paul, a bare volcanic islet, 860 feet high, in 

 the Indian Ocean, midway between Africa and 

 Australia, in 38 VK S. lat. and 77 32' E. long.; 

 area, 3 sq. in. Both it and the densely vegetated 

 New Amsterdam (26 sq. m. I, 50 miles to the north, 

 were taken possession of by France in 1843. For 

 the beaching hereof II. M.S. Mtgarra (June 1871), 

 and the eleven weeks' detention of her crew, see 

 BlatkwoocFi Magazine for January 1872. St Paul's 

 Rocks, a group of small islets 1 X . of the equator 

 and 540 miles from the South American coast. 



St Pan! de Loanda. See LOANDA. 



St Paul's School was founded in 1509-12 by 

 John Colet (q.v.), dean of St Paul's, for 153 

 children ' of ever) 1 nation, country, and class. ' He 

 endowed it with lands, whose yearly value has 

 risen from 122, 4s. 7 id. to 10,000; MMlM dedicated 

 it to the Child Jesus, but 'the saint,' in Strym-'s 

 words, ' ha* robbed his Master of the title. ' ' The 

 original schoolhotise in St Paul's Churchyard was 

 burned in the (ireat Fire of 1666 ; the second by 

 Wren ( 1674) gave place in 1824 to a third ; and a 

 fourth, on a site of sixteen acres at West Kensing- 

 ton, near A > Id i son Koad station, was opened by 

 Lord Belborne on 23d April 1884. This removal 

 was effected under a scheme of the Charity Com- 

 missioner* (1879), which provided for a classical 

 ehool for 500 boys, a modern school for a like 



number, and a high school for 400 girls. The boys 

 either are day-scholars or live in one of eight 

 boarding-houses. The governing board consists of 

 thirteen members chosen by the Mercers' Company 

 (to whose oversight Colet committed his founda- 

 tion) and nine nominated by the universities. 

 There are seven Oxford and Cambridge exhibitions 

 of from 80 to 40 tenable for four \ ears, and a 

 Woolwich one of 50 for t wo years, besides six ot her 

 exhibitions and thirteen prizes. The first high- 

 master, from 1512 to 1523, was William Lilye ; and 

 among his successors have been Richard Mulcaster 

 ( 1596-1608), Alexander Gill ( 1> is son and 



namesake (1635-40), Thomas Gale ( 1672-97 ), and 

 Herbert Kynaston (1838-76). Famous Paulines 

 have been Major Andre, the Hon. C. Boyle, 

 Camden, Roger Cotes, Sir P. Francis, Halley, 

 I .land, the Duke of Marlborough, Milton, Robert 

 Nelson, Pepys, and Strype ; and one has lieen 

 infamous Judge Jeffreys. See R B. Gardiner's 

 Admission Registers of St Paul's School (1884). 



St Peter Port, the town of Guernsey (q.v.). 



St Petersburg, the capital of the Russian 

 empire, stands at the head of the Gulf of Finland, 

 in 59 56' N. lat. and 39 19' E. long., at the mouth 

 of the Neva. The flat and low marshy ground 

 upon which the city is built only recently emerged 

 from the sea, and even in historical times the hills 

 of Pulkova and Dmlerhof, which are now at a 

 distance of 9 miles from the shore, stood close by 

 the sea. Before entering the sea the mighty Neva, 

 which flows 36 miles from Lake Ladoga, sub- 

 divides into many branches, thus giving origin to 

 no less than 100 islands of various sizes, the sur- 

 faces of which rapidly inci-ea.se. Nearly 600 acres 

 of land have thus l>een added to the area of St 

 Petersburg during the last 150 years. When a 

 strong wind is blowing from the sea its level rises 

 by several feet, and the poorer parts of St Peters- 

 burg are inundated every year ; but when the over- 

 flow exceeds 10 feet nearly the whole of the city is 

 inundated too. Such was the case in 1777 and 

 1824, when the Neva rose 13'8 feet alxive its aver- 

 age level. In August 1891 it rose again for a few 

 hours full 10 feet al>ove the average. The country 

 round St Petersburg being covered with morainic 

 deposits, peat bog, and marshes, is of a poor aspect 

 and so thinly peopled that the government of St 

 Petersburg has onlv thirty-three inhabitants per 

 square mile. The almost uninhabited wildernesses 

 of Karelia, Olonetz, and Vologda, beginning at the 

 very gates of the capital, stretch towards the north 

 and" east, while the lake-depression (see RUSSIA) 

 and the very thinly peopled tract* of the Valdai 

 plateau separate St Petersburg from the Russian 

 cities of Tver, Yaroslav, and Moscow (400 miles). 

 Within a radius of 120 miles there is not one single 

 town worth naming, the towns nearest to the 

 Russian capital being the now decaying Novgorod. 

 the Finnish cities of Vibprg and Hclsingfors (263 

 miles), and the Baltic cities of Reval and Higa 

 (449 miles). Nevertheless the mouth of the Neva 

 was from an early period coveted by the Novgorod 

 merchants. In the 15th century they already had 

 their factories at the head of the delta of the Neva ; 

 so that 1'etei 1. only followed the tradition of the 

 Novgorodians when he took possession of the 

 Swedish forts at the head and at 'the mouth of 

 the Neva, laid the first foundations of bis capital 

 (in 1702) on one of the islands of the delta, ami 

 dreamed to make of it a new Amsterdam. His 

 dream was realised to some extent, but St Peters- 

 burg still remains isolated from the rest of the 

 empire. One single line of railway connects it with 

 the head of the Volga and Moscow ; another 

 with Poland and western Europe ; a third with the 

 Baltic provinces ; and a fourth with Finland. The 



