102 



SA.KTAS 



S.-ikta-. is the name of one of the great divisions 

 of Hindu secte. See INDIA, Vol. VI. p. 106. 



Saklllltala is one of the moat pleasing female 

 characters of Hindu mythology. She is mentioned 

 as a water-nymph in the Yajurveda (see VKDA) ; 

 he is the subject of a beautiful episode of the 

 Mahabhdrata (q.v.). and is spoken of in the Pur- 

 ana* ; but her name has become especially familiar 

 in Europe through the celebrated drama of Kiili- 

 di&a(q.v.), which, introduced to us by Sir William 

 Jones in 1789, became the starting-point of Sans- 

 krit philology in Europe. 



S:ik > ailllllli. or the ' Saint Sakya,' is a name 

 of the founder of the Buddhist religion j see 

 BUDDHISM, Vol. II. p. 516. 



S.-il (Shoren robusta), a tree of Northern India, 

 of which the wood hard, dark brown, rather coarse 

 grained, but very durable is next in value to teak. 

 It is carefully cherished by government 



Sala. ("!EOR<;E AUGUSTUS HEXRY, journalist 

 and novelist, and a man of much out-of the-way 

 learning, was born in London, the son of an 

 Italian and an Englishwoman, in 1828, and, for- 

 saking art for literature, became a contributor to 

 Iluuschold Words, the Welcome Guest, Temple Bar 

 (which he founded and edited), the Illustrated 

 London News (to which he for many years con- 

 tributed the ' Echoes of the Week ' ), and Corn- 

 kill. As special correspondent of the Duily'Tele- 

 graiih he was in the United States during the civil 

 war, in France during the war of 1870-71, in Russia 

 in 1876, and in Australia in 1885. Twice Round 

 the Clock was published in 1859. Among his l>est- 

 known novels ar The Baddington Peerage (1860), 

 Captain Dangerous (1863), Quite Alone (1864). 

 Wat Tyler, M.P. is a burlesque ; and among the 

 popular liooks of travel are A Journey due Soi-th 

 ( IS.VJ), I>iit,-l, Pictures (1861), A Trip to Barbary 

 (1865), From Waterloo to the Peninsula (1866), 

 Home and Venice (1869), Under the Sun (1872), 

 Paris Herself Again (1881), America Revisited 

 (1882), A Journey due South (1885), Things I have 

 Seen (1894), and his autobiographical Life mid 

 Adventures ( 1895). His last book was on cookery. 

 He died 8th December 1895 in embarrassed circum- 

 stances. 



Salaam (Selam, Arab. =Heb. Shalom, 'peace'), 

 the general term of salutation among the Moham- 

 medans ; ' Es-selamu aleikum" ('Peace be with 

 you'), (addressed only to the faithful) being an- 

 swered by 'With you be peace, and the mercy of 

 God, and His blessings 1' 



Salad, the term given to a preparation of raw 

 herlis for food. It derives its name from the fact 

 that salt is one of the chief ingredients used in 

 dressing a salad. The principal naiad herbs are 

 lettuce, endive, chicory, celery, mustard and cress, 

 water-cress, onions, radishes, tomatoes, chervil, and 

 a few savoury herbs used to give flavour. They are 

 usually cut up, and mixed with salt, vinegar, oil, 

 and other condiments, according to taste. Sugar 

 is also frequently added. Cresses, seed-leaves of 

 mustard, &c. are often eaten without any addition. 

 Salad has always been a favourite food with civil 

 i-ed nations, and has varied very little in its com- 

 position. The great value of salads is in the fact 

 that they are uncooked, and consequently contain 

 a larger quantity of mineral matter, such as potash, 

 coda. .Vr., than if boiled. Potato salad is made in 

 ( icrmany with potatoes that have been lioiled. 

 Salads are sometimes prepared with animal food, 

 such as lioiled lobsters, cralw, eggs, &c. For some 

 kinds of salad tarragon vinegar is best. See 

 MAYONNAISE. 



Sal'adin, the name given by western writers 

 to SALAH-ED-DIN Yussur IBN AYUB, the sultan of 



SALAMANCA 



Egypt and Syria, and the founder of the Ayubite 

 dvnasty in those countries. He lives in the works 

 of historians as the Mo-Inn hero of the third 

 crusade and the beau ideal of Moslem vhivahy. 

 lie was horn in 1137 at the castle of Tekrit, on the 

 .-. of which hi.- father Avub, a Kurd, was 

 govei nor under the Seljuks. Following the example 

 nf his father and uncle, he entered the service of 

 Nureil -Din (<}.v.), emir of Syria, and accompanied 

 his uncle Slurkoh in his expeditions to Kgypt 

 (1167-68) in command of Nured-Din's army. On 

 the death of Shirkoh Saladin was made grand-vizier 

 of the Fatimite calif, and in 1171 he overihn w- 

 that monarch and constituted himself sole sover- 

 eign of Egypt. The growing |>ower of the young 

 prince not only aroused the alarm of the Chris- 

 tians, but provoked the more dangerous jealousy 

 of Nured-Din. But on Nur ed-Din's death (1174) 

 Saladin proclaimed himself sultan of Bgjp< and 

 Syria, and the title was confirmed to him by the calif 

 of Bagdad. He next reduced Mesopotamia to his 

 rule, and received the homage of the Seljuk princes 

 of Asia Minor. The remaining years of his life 

 were occupied in wars with the Christians and in 

 the consolidation of his extensive dominions. On 

 4th July 1187 the Christian army suffered a terrible 

 defeat near Tiberias, the king of Jerusalem, the 

 two grand-masters, anil many other warriors of 

 high rank being taken captive ; then Jerusalem 

 was stormed ( 3<T October ), and almost every other 

 fortified place on the Syrian coast ( Acre, Saida, Bey- 

 re mt, \c. , though not Tyre ) was taken by the victori- 

 ous Saladin. The new'.- of thi> great success being 

 brought to western Europe aroused the religions 

 enthusiasm of the Christians to its highest pitch, 

 and a powerful army of crusaders, headed by the 

 kings of France and' England, speedily made their 

 appearance on the scene of strile. They captured 

 Acre in 1191, and Richard Co>ur-de Lion defeated 

 Saladin, took Ca'sarea and Jall'a, and finally 

 obtained a treaty for three years (August 1192), 

 by which the coast from Jaffa to Tyre was yielded 

 to the Christians. In the following year Saladin 

 died at Damascus on 3d March. Saladin was not 

 a mere soldier ; his wise administration left traces 

 which endured for centuries, in the citadel of Cain.. 

 and in sundry canals, dikes, and roads. Hi- o|>]>- 

 nents frankly attribute to him the noble qualities 

 of chivalry, invincible courage, inviolable fidelity 

 to treaties, greatness of soul, piety, justice, and 

 moderation. The chivalrous side of his character 

 has been well caught by Scott in The Talisman. 

 The Ayubite dynasty ruled over Syria till 1259, 

 when it was dispossessed by the Perso-Mongols, 

 ver Egypt till the rise of the first Mameluke 



See Reinaud's A'otice rur la Vie 



and over Egypt 

 kingdom in i-.TiO. 

 deSaludin (1S74). 



Salamanca, a city of Spain, stands on and 

 between four low hills Inside the river Tormes, 110 

 miles NW. of Madrid. From the middleof the l.'flh 

 to the close of the 17th century it was the seat of 

 one of the most celebrated universities in Europe. 

 Founded in 1243, this great school won renown at 

 lirst for the teaching of civil and canon law ; later 

 theology liecame an important faculty. In the 

 16th century there were here from 6000 to 8<MK> 

 students, amongst them the members of an Iri.-h 

 College; at the present day there are not moie 

 than 400. The university buildings date chiefly 

 from the l~>th century, and are (lot hie in style. 

 In Salamanca's palmy days her population reached 

 50,000, and the university counted more than a 

 score of colleges. The library, founded in 1254, 

 contains 70,500 vols. and 870 MSS. The city is 

 still surrounded with walls, pierced by ten gates, 

 and preserves very much of its mediicval appear- 

 ance, its houses, convents, and churches, its streets 

 and squares having altered but little since the 



