SALEM 



SALICIN 



105 



at the capture of Mauritius (1810), and fought 

 throughout the Burmese war of 1824-25. In this 

 war he took part in the capture of Rangoon and in 

 the storming of Bassein, and distinguished himself 

 in the assault on the lines of Prome, where he 

 was wounded. When war was declared against 

 Afghanistan in 1838 ' Fighting Bob,' as Sale was 

 called, was given the command of the first brigade 

 in the Bengal division of the invading army. He 

 greatly distinguished himself at the assault and 

 capture of Ghazni, being again wounded. In the 

 autumn of 1840 lie was despatched to punish cer- 

 tain hostile chiefs in Kohistan and to Keep a close 

 watch upon the restless movements of the usurper 

 Dost Mohammed, who was looking for an oppor- 

 tunity to strike a blow at Kabul. When the 

 evacuation of Afghanistan was decided upon Sale's 

 was the first brigade to set off back to India ; but 

 it had to fight its way through all the passes the 

 Coord Kabul, Tezen, Jagdalak that fie between 

 Kabul and Jellalabad. In this last fortress he was 

 closely invested from 12th November 1841 to 7th 

 April 1S42; but in numerous sorties, and even 

 in a general engagement (Tezen), he defeated 

 the forces of Akhbar Khan (son of Dost Moham- 

 med). He was at length relieved by General 

 Pollock, who commanded the army sent to punish 

 the Afghans for their treacherous slaughter of 

 General Elpliinstone's force in the defiles, and with 

 him took part in the recapture of Kabul and the 

 events that followed it. Sale was killed, his thigh 

 Ix.-ing shattered by grape-shot, at the battle of 

 Madid, fighting against the Sikhs, on 18th 

 December 1845. See Gleig, Sale's Brigade in 

 Afghanistan (1846). His wife, Lady Sale, who 

 was captured by the Afghans during Elphinstone's 

 retreat, and kept prisoner by them until the 

 arrival of Pollock's army, wrote a Journal of the 

 Disasters in Afghanistan ( 1843). 



Salem, a town in the south of India, 120 miles 

 by rail S\V. of Madras, stands in a pretty position 

 in a valley backed by hills, and is a clean though 

 straggling place, with extensive cotton manufac- 

 tures and much general trade. Pop. (1881) 

 60,667; (1891)67,750. 



Salem. ( 1 ) a city and port of entry of Massa- 

 chusetts, on a peninsula in Massachusetts Bay, 

 16 miles by rail N. by E. of Boston. It has a good 

 harlmur, from which was formerly carried on a 

 large trade with China, the East Indies, Africa, 

 and South America ; but now only a coast trade in 

 ice and coal remains. Principal institutions of 

 Salem are the East India Marine Society, its col- 

 lections now united with those of the Peabody 

 Academy of Science ( which possesses a noble col- 

 lection of Japanese pottery), the Essex Institute, 

 and the Salem Athemeum, the last two housed in 

 Plummer Hall. The manufactures include cottons, 

 jute, leather, shoes, iron castings, lead pipes, &c. 

 Salem was settled in 1626. In 1692 the great 

 witchcraft delusion broke out, during which nine- 

 t '[! persons were hanged (including one clergy- 

 man) and one pressed to death. Nathaniel 

 Hawthorn* and Prescott the historian were born 

 II.-P-. Pop. (1890) 30,801; (1900) 35,956. (2) 

 Capital of Salem county, New Jersey, on Salem 

 Creek, 34 miles from its entrance into the Dela- 

 ware and 36 miles by rail SSW. of Camden. It 

 has manufactories of glass, flour, oil-cloth, carriages, 

 besides a foundry, planing. mill-, and a number of 

 fruit canneries. It was founded in 1675. Pop. 

 (1890) 5512. (3) Capital of Oregon, on the east 

 bank of the Willamette River (here crossed by a 

 wagon-bridge), 52 miles by rail S. by W. of Port- 

 land and 720 N. of San Francisco. Settled in 

 1834 and incorporated in 1853, it became state 

 capital in 1860. The streets are wide and regular. 



Here are the state capitol, prison, and insane 

 asylum, and schools for the blind and deaf and 

 dumb, besides the Willamette University (Meth- 

 odist Episcopal, 1851 ), and several manufactories. 

 Pop. (1880) 2538; (1890) 4515. 



Saleilli, a town in the west of Sicily, 39 miles 

 SW. of Palermo. Pop. 11,512. 



Salep. See ORCHIDS, Vol. VII. p. 627. 



Salerno (anc. Salernum), a city of Southern 

 Italy, on the gulf of the same name, 33 miles by 

 rail SE. of Naples, with a pop. of 22,328. A 

 hill behind the town is crowned by an old Nor- 

 man castle. The beautiful Gothic cathedral of St 

 Matthew ( whose bones were brought from Pa?stum 

 in 954) was erected by the Normans ( 1076-84), and 

 has in front of it a quadrangle of porphyry and 

 granite pillars and inside it monuments of Gregory 

 VII. and Margaret of Durazzo. One of its doors 

 is of bronze, Byzantine work. The city was cele- 

 brated in the middle ages for its university ( founded 

 in 1150, closed in 1817), but especially for its school 

 of medicine ( Schola Salernitana), which was long 

 the lirst in Europe (see Vol. VII. p. 117). In 

 the neighlKjtirhood are the ruins of Peestum (q.v. ). 

 There are a couple of small harbours. Cotton 

 is spun. Originally a Roman colony (194 B.C.), 

 Salerno figures little in history until after it was 

 taken by Robert Guiscard, who made it his capital. 

 But the removal of the Norman court to Palermo 

 and the sack of the city by the Emperor Henry VI. 

 struck serious blows at its prosperity, and a third 

 came from the decay of the medical school in the 

 14th century. 



The Gulf of Salerno is a nearly semicircular 

 indentation, separated from the -Bay of Naples by 

 the promontory ending in Point Campanella. On 

 its shores stand Amalli and Salerno. 



Sales, FRANCIS DE. See FRANCIS OF SALES. 



Salette, LA, an Alpine village of France, dept. 

 Isere, 28 miles SSE. of Grenoble. Here on 19th 

 September 1846 the Virgin is alleged to have 

 appeared to two peasant children ; from that time 

 the spot was visited annually by thousands of 

 pilgrims. In 1852-61 a pilgrimage church was 

 built, in the Romanesque style, at an elevation 

 of 5920 feet. The alleged appearance of the Virgin 

 was, however, discredited by Pope Leo XIII. in 

 1879. Pop. 607. 



Saleyer, a group of islands lying off the south- 

 west extremity of Celebes, in the East Indies, con- 

 sists of the principal island (area, 170 sq. m. ; 

 pop. 20,000) and several small ones (their united 

 area 130 sq. in. and pop. 10,000), and is governed 

 by native chiefs who pay tribute to the Nether- 

 lands East India government. Principal exports, 

 cotton, trepang, cocoa-nuts, tortoiseshell, salt, and 

 tobacco. The people, of mixed Malay race, are 

 professedly Mohammedans. 



Salford. See MANCHESTER. 



S.ilirin. CjsH^O,,, is a crystalline glucoside 

 obtained from the oark of the Salix alba and other 

 species of Salix (Willows), and also from the bavk 

 of several species of Populus (Poplars). It occurs 

 in small white crystals, without smell, but having 

 a very bitter taste ; is soluble in 28 parts of cold 

 water, in 1 part of boiling water, and in 60 parts 

 of rectified spirit. When treated with strong 

 sulphuric acid it dissolves with a bright red colour; 

 lii-ing a glucoside it is readily decomposed by suit- 

 able chemical agencies into glucose (grape-sugar) 

 and saligenin. Saligenin can be easily oxidised 

 to form salicylic acid. It is nsed to a considerable 

 extent in medicine. Its action and uses when given 

 internally are much the same as those of Salicylic 

 Acid (q.v.), but it is less powerful, is not so de- 

 pressant, and does not disturb digestion so much. 



