SALISBURY 



107 





but the streams were covered over after the visita- 

 tion of the cholera in 1849. The removal from 

 Old Sarum took place in 1220, when the founda- 

 tions of the new cathedral (B.V.M.) were laid. 

 The Lady Cliapel was consecrated in 1225, and the 

 whole building, after being rehallowed in 1258, 

 finally dedicated in 1260. The 

 cathedral consists of a nave of ten 

 bays, choir, and Lady Chapel, with 

 two aisles, and two transepts, each 

 having a single aisle towards the 

 east, the ground plan being in the 

 form of a double cross. The whole 

 building is a perfect example of 

 pure Early English style. The 

 cloisters and the chapter-house 

 were built about 1270, and the 

 tower ( Decorated ) and the spire 

 added about 1330. The spire is 

 the highest in England (400 feet). 

 It formed no part of the original 

 design, and the effect of the addi- 

 tion became apparent in a danger- 

 ous settlement which took place 

 within 100 years of its erection. 

 Owing to this the spire leans 27J 

 inches towards the south. The 

 cathedral suffered from a disastrous 

 ' restoration ' at the hands of James 

 Wyatt (1782-91), when two 15th- 

 century chapels, built by Bishop 

 Beauchamp and Lord Hungerfora, 

 and two porches were destroyed, 

 much painted glass removed, the 

 tombs rearranged, and a lofty 

 campanile standing apart from the 

 cathedral pulled down. Much of 

 the damage then done has been 

 repaired in the restoration begun 

 in 1863 under Sir Gill>ert Scott, 

 and continued under Mr Street and Sir Arthur 

 Blointielil. There is a curious muniment-room 

 over the vestry containing a copy of the Magna 

 Charta of King John, said to be that handeu to 

 Longespee. Earl of Salisbury, who was one of his 

 witnesses. The library, built about 1450, is over the 

 east side of the cloisters, anil contains alx>ut 5000 

 volumes and many valuable MSS. The outside 

 measurements of the cathedral are : length 473 

 feet, width 111 feet; the height of the nave and 

 choir inside is 81 feet. The cathedral stands apart 

 from any other building in the midst of a beauti- 

 ful Close of about half a square mile in extent, 

 encircled by a wall, within which stand the 

 Bbhop'i Palace, an irregular building begun by 

 Bishop Richard Poore (circa 1220) and added to by 

 many of his successors, the deanery and canons' 

 houses, and many other picturesque buildings. 



The parish churches are St Martin's, St Thomas 

 of Canterbury, a handsome Perpendicular building 

 of the 15th century, and St Edmund of Canter- 

 bury, formerly a collegiate church of secular canons. 



I'lie other most notable buildings are the council- 

 house, where the assizes are held ; the county hall ; 

 the infirmary; the ' Hall of John Hall ' and Audley 

 House, now the church-house of the diocese, two 

 fine examples of loth-century domestic architec- 

 ture ; the old George Inn ( now a shop ), where Pepys 

 stayed ; St Nicholas' Hospital ; the market-house ; 

 the poultry-cross ; and the Blackmore Museum, 

 which contains one of the finest collections of 

 iip'lii~toric antiquities in England, the collection 

 from America being probably unrivalled any- 

 where. 



Tin; market-place is spacious and planted with 

 trees, and contains statues of the late Lord Herbert 

 of Lea (Sidney Herliert) and Professor Fawcett, 

 who was a native of the city. Here the Duke 



of Buckingham was beheaded in 1483 when Salis- 

 bury was the headquarters of Richard III. There 

 are many charities and almshouses, and an en- 

 dowed school for the choristers of the cathedral. 

 The city chiefly depends upon its agricultural trade, 

 the former manufactures of cutlery and woollens 



Salisbury Cathedral, from the nortlt-east. 



being extinct. Salisbury returns one member to 

 parliament. Pop. (1851) 11,657; (1881) 14,792; 

 ( 1891 ) 17,362. 



John of Salisbury was the confidential adviser of 

 Becket, and, sharing his exile, became (1176) bishop 

 of Chartres. He wrote a Life of Becket, and a work, 

 Polycraticus, in which he lashes the vices of the 

 court. He died 1180. Margaret, Countess of 

 Salisbury, was the mother of Cardinal Pole (q. v. ). 

 The most notable bishops of Old Sarum were St 

 Osmund and Bishop Roger ; of New Sarum, Hallam 

 (whose death at the Council of Constance, 1417, is 

 regarded by Dean Milman as fatal to many really 

 effective reforms in the church), Cardinal Cam- 

 peggio, Jewell, Seth Ward (a founder of the Royal 

 Society), Burnet, Hoadley, Sherlock, Douglas, 

 Burgess, Denispn, Hamilton, and Moberly. Fox 

 the martyrologist, Hooker, Fuller, Pearson, Isaac 

 Barrow, Joseph Butler, and Liddon have been 

 canons of the cathedral, where George Herbert 

 was a frequent worshipper. Among distinguished 

 natives and residents have been Massinger, William 

 and Hemy Lawes, Chiffinch (the chief agent in 

 the intrigues of Charles II.), Harris the philologist, 

 Chubb ' the Deist,' and Henry Fawcett. Fielding 

 resided at one time in the Close, and Joseph 

 Addison was educated at the grammar-school. 



See Hatcher's History of Old and New Sarum, Britten's 

 Salisbury Cathedral, Price's Salisbury Cathedral, Dods- 

 worth's Salisbury Cathedral, Jones's Fasti Eccleiice Sarit- 

 beriensil, Gleeson White's Cathedral Church of Salisbury 

 (1897). For plan of Cathedral, see Vol. V. p. 318. 



SALISBURY PLAIN is an undulating tract of 

 chalky down affording splendid pasture for sheep, 

 with rich and well-timbered valleys. The higji- 

 lying land is too poor to repay cultivation. Of its 

 many ancient moands and barrows, the most notable 

 is Stonehenge ( q. v.). Salisbury Plain is one of the 



