SALLE 



SALMASIUS 



111 



is therefore very rarely to be seen at the present 

 day. It is worthy of notice that in the confluent 

 form of smallpox there is almost always more or 

 less abundant salivation, which lasts for several 

 days ; and if it cease abruptly the peril is usually 

 great. Moreover, there is a more or less marked 

 tendency to salivation in scurvy, hysteria, hydro- 

 phobia, some forms ,.' mania, and not unfrequently 

 in pregnancy. 



Salle, DE LA. See SCHOOLS (BROTHERS OF 

 CHRISTIAN). 



Sallee, SALS', or SLA, a seaportof Morocco, stands 

 on the Atlantic, at the mouth of the Bn-Kagreb, on 

 the northern side of the river, opposite to Rabat 

 (q. v. ). It was for centuries notorious as a haunt 

 or pirates, and gave its name to the Sallee Rovers, 

 who carried the terror of their name into the 

 English Channel, and who are known to every 

 reader of Robinson Crusoe. It is only within the 

 19th century that Britain ceased to pay an annual 

 subsidy to the sultan of Morocco to secure safety 

 from their attacks. The people, 10,000 in number, 

 are still fanatical, and surfer no European to dwell 

 within their walls. The streets are mean and poor, 

 and the houses small. A wall surrounds the town, 

 the chief features of which are forts and the prison. 

 Excellent carpets are made, as well as shoes. 



Sallow (Salix). See WILLOW. 



Sallow-thorn. See SEA-BUCKTHORN. 



Sallust. CAIUS SALLUSTIUS CRISPUS, a Roman 

 historian, was born of plebeian family at Amiter- 

 iiiini in the Sabine conntry, 86 B.C. He had risen 

 to be tribune of the people in 52, when he helped 

 to avenge the murder of Clodius upon Milo and his 

 party. His own intrigue with Jlilo's wife may 

 nave given a spur to his love of justice, for his 

 morality was far from high ; indeed such was the 

 scandal of his licentious life that he was expelled 

 in 50 from the senate. It is true, however, that his 

 attachment to Ca?sar's party may well suggest a 

 plausible reason for his expulsion. In 47, when 

 Cu'sar's fortune was in the ascendant, he was made 

 prfetor, and was consequently restored to his for- 

 feited senatorial rank. Soon after this he nearly 

 lost his life in Campania, in a mutiny of some 

 of Ciesar's troops about to be shipped to Africa. 

 Next year he carried off the enemy's stores from 

 the island of Cercina, and at the close of the 

 African campaign he was left as governor of the 

 annexed kingdom of Numidia, formed into the 

 province of Nova Africa. His administration was 

 sullied by oppression and extortion, but the charges 

 brought against him by the provincials failed 

 before the partial tribunal of Csesar. With the 

 fruit of his extortion he laid out those famous gar- 

 dens on the Quirinal which bore his name for cen- 

 turies, and the splendid mansion in which became 

 an imperial residence of Nerva, Vespasian, and 

 Aurehan. Here he lived apart from public cares, 

 devoted to literary labours, and here he died, 

 34 B.C. In this retirement he wrote his famous 

 histories, the Catilina, or Bellum Catilinarium, 

 a brief account of Catiline's conspiracy in 63, 

 during the consulship of Cicero; the Jugurthu, 

 or Bellum Jugurthinum, a history just twice 

 as long of the five years' war between the Ro- 

 mans and Jugurtha, the king of Numidia ; and 

 the Historinriiin Libri Quinque, commencing with 

 the year of Sulla's death (78 B.C.) and coming 

 down to 67 B.C., of which, unhappily, but a few 

 fragments have come down to us. The two letters 

 Ad C<Ksarem gr.nem de Republics and the Invectiva 

 Sallusti in Ciceronem are not authentic. 



As a historian Sallust is not accurate in details 

 of fact and chronological sequence a defect 

 caused, no doubt, by his love for broad effects and 

 unity of treatment. He was one of the first Roman 



writers to treat a subject rather than a period of 

 time, and to look directly for a model to Greek 

 literature. He brought to his task strong preposses- 

 sions and a fatal readiness to sacritice anything to 

 his antithesis or epigram ; but we need not suppose 

 with Mommsen that his main object was to discredit 

 the old regime and vindicate the memory of Ciiesar. 

 He loves to explore in philosophic fashion into the 

 tone of the age and the bidden motives of men, and 

 he falls a victim to his own subtlety and conli- 

 dently presents his inferences as facts. The high 

 morality which he inculcates harmonises but ill 

 with the facts of his past life, although it may be 

 it was a legitimate enough fruit of after reflection 

 and repentance which supplied its characteristic 

 tinge of pessimism to his tone. In his labour to be 

 brief and concise like his great model Thucydides 

 he is not seldom merely obscure and involved, 

 and his historical style is overlaid too thickly 

 with rhetorical ornament, the narrative overloaded 

 with general reflections that are often little better 

 than pretentious commonplaces. The speeches are 

 dramatically effective though not authentic, the 

 structure of the sentences simple, the repetition of 

 favourite words and rapid changes of construction 

 to secure vivacity being characteristic marks. The 

 Grtecisms are mostly close echoes of Thucydides, 

 and even his favourite arrangement of short con- 

 trasted phrases is imitated from the same master. 

 Moreover, lie makes use of many words and phrases 

 in an archaic sense, and is supposed especially to 

 have drawn much from the elder Cato ; while in 

 other ancient critics, again, we read of the innova- 

 tions of his style. The influence of Sallust is 

 plainly marked on the greater Tacitus, who styles 

 him (Ann. iii. 30) ' rerum Romanarum florentis- 

 siinus auctor. ' Martial also places him first in 

 Roman history, and Quintilian does not fear to 

 match him with Thucydides and sets him above 

 Livy, although admitting that the latter is a safer 

 model for boys. His diction and rhetorical colour 

 found him many imitators from the time of Fronto 

 down to the Christian writers of the 5th century. 



Editions are by Gerlaoh (Basel, 1832), Kritz (3vols. 

 1828, 1856), E. Dietsch (2 vols. 1859, 1864), and H. 

 Jordan ( new ed. 1887). Excellent annotated editions of 

 the two complete works are those by C Merivale ( 1852 ), 

 G. Long ( 18tiO ; new ed. by J. G. Frazer, 1890), and W. 

 W. Capes ( 1884) ; and there is a good translation by 

 A. \V. Pollard (1882). See L. Constans, De. Sermone 

 Sallustiano (Paris, 1880), the special \Vorterbuch by 

 O. Eichert (Han. 1804; 3d ed. 1885), and Mollweide, 

 (iloiaai Sail. ( Strasb. 1887 ) ; also the studies by Th. Vogel 

 (Mayence, 1857), M. Jaeger (Salzb. 1879, 1884), and 

 Th. Rambeau (Burg, 1879). 



Sally-port, a gate or passage by which the 

 garrison of a fortress may make a sally or sudden 

 attack on the besiegers. 



Salmagundi, a word of uncertain origin, 

 unless it be derived from the Countess Salmagondi, 

 lady of honour to Marie de' Medici and the in- 

 ventor of the dish ; for salmagundi is a dish of 

 minced meat, seasoned witli pickled cabbage, eggs, 

 anchovies, olive-oil, vinegar, pepper, and similar 

 ingredients. In an applied sense the word means 

 a pot-pourri, a medley, a miscellany. 



Sallliasius, CLAUDIUS, the Latinised name of 

 a celebrated French scholar, CLAUDE DE SAUMAISE, 

 who was born at Semur in Burgundy, 15th 

 April 1588. His father, Benigne de Saumaise, a 

 man of superior erudition, was his first teacher. 

 At the age of ten young Salmasius translated 

 Pindar and composed Greek and Latin verses. 

 He studied philosophy at Paris, under the super- 

 intendence of Casaubon. From Paris he proceeded 

 to Heidelberg ( 1606), where he devoted himself to 

 the science of jurisprudence, and publicly pro- 

 fessed Protestantism, to which form of the Chris- 



