118 



SALMON 



SALMONID^E 



the time for the capture of salmon, then the salmon 

 may be sold during such extended open time, pro- 

 vided ito capture was lawful by other means than 

 by rod and line at the time and place where it was 

 caught. There i- also a weekly clone time that 

 b to say, no person can, except with rod and line, 

 lawfully fish for salmon between 12 A.M. (noon) of 

 Saturday and 6 A.M. of Monday following: lint 

 boards of conservators have power under the Act 

 of 1873, by bylaw, to extend the weekly close time 

 up to forty-eight hours. Owners of dams in exist- 

 ence in August 1851, need not put in a fish-pass ; 

 but in dams built after that date they are bound 

 to provide a tisli-pass. Fishing weirs must have 

 free gaps of such size as the Act of 1861 prescribes. 

 For the purpose of supervising the enforcement of 

 the acts, fishery inspectors are appointed for 

 England. 



(2) In Scotland there are various important differ- 

 ences from the law of England as regards salmon- 

 fisheries. In Scotland the general rule is that all sal- 

 mon-fisheries in rivers, estuaries, and in the narrow- 

 er territorial seas are vested in the crown, and hence 

 no person is entitled to fish for salmon except he 

 can show a grant or charter from the crown. If 

 he can only show a general grant of fishings with- 

 out specifying salmon, then it is necessary not only 

 to produce such grant, but to show that he or his 

 predecessor has oeen in the habit of fishing for 

 salmon for forty years. Moreover, while this right 

 to catch salmon is vested in the crown, or in some 

 grantee of the crown, the right to angle for salmon 

 is now held to be included, and does not belong to 

 the riparian owner. The public have no right any 

 where in Scotland to fish for salmon either with 

 net or rod. By virtue of many old statutes all 

 fixed engines for catching salmon in rivers and 

 estuaries are illegal, and it is settled that every- 

 thing is in the nature of a fixed engine except 

 what is held in the hand of the fisherman and 

 is in motion while he is fishing ; but a mechanical 

 contrivance, which enables the fisherman to go a 

 little farther into the river with his coble or boat, 

 which is to drag the net, is not illegal. Stake and 

 bag net*, moreover, are not illegal if they are not 

 in a river or the estuary of a river. In 1802 and 

 1868 statutes were passed for regulating the Scotch 

 salmon-fisheries. By these acts fishery districts 

 are authorised to be managed by boards. These 

 Ixiards consist of the large proprietors of fisheries. 

 The boards appoint constables, water-bailiffs, and 

 watchers, forming a kind of river-police. The board 

 has power to assess the various proprietors so as 

 to ruise funds for paying the expenses of work- 

 ing the acts similar funds being raised in I'.iixhmd 

 only by license-duties. The annual close time fur 

 salmon-fishing is fixed by bylaws drawn up formerly 

 by the Commissioners of 'Scotch Salmon-fisheries, 

 and approved by the Home Secretary ; but now, 

 when any alteration is petitioned for oy a District 

 Board, it is submitted to the Secretary for Scot- 

 land, and, if he approves of the prayer of the 

 petition, a new bylaw is drawn up and published 

 in the Kill 'nlninjli tliizrttc, after which it becomes 

 law. There are three groups of Scotch salmon 

 rivers as regards annual close time. The close 

 time of the earliest and much the largest group i- 

 from 27th August to 10th February ; of the second 

 group from 1st September to 15th February ; and 

 of the thin! group from 10th Septemlx^r to 24th 

 February ; the extension of time for rod-fishing, 

 after the neta are off, varies from 10th <Vtol>er to 

 30th November. The Scotch act* prohibit fishing 

 with lights or with salmon-roe, with nets having 

 meshes less than 1 J inch from knot to knot, or 7 

 incite* round the mesh when wet. And there is a 

 weekly close time from 6 P.M. on Saturday to 6 

 AM. on Monday following. In 1882 the Fishery 



Board (Scotland) Act was passed. This act con- 

 ferred upon the new board the powers and duties 

 of Commissioners of Scotch Salmon-fisheries, and 

 the general superintendence of the salmon-fisheries 

 of Scotland, but without prejudice to or interfer- 

 ence with the rights of district Ixiards. It also 

 appointed an Inspector of Salmon -fisheries, who 

 has since published annual report* on the Salmon- 

 fisheries of Scotland, which have been presented to 

 the Fishery Board and to parliament. 



(3) Ireland. The Irish salmon -fishery laws are 

 very similar to those of England, but are regulated 

 by district statutes, the principal of which are 

 the Salmon -fishery (Ireland) Act, 1863, and the 

 Salmon-fishery (Ireland) Act, 1869. Fishery dis- 

 tricts are there established, and the fisheries are 

 subject to rates and license-duties for the purpose 

 of raising funds. There is an annual and weekly 

 close time, and fixed engines are prohibited, and 

 free gaps enforced in all fishing weirs. 



See Dr F. Day's British and Irish Salmonida (1887) ; 

 J. W. Willis Bund, Salmon Problems (1886); Buck- 

 land, Fish-hatching (1863); Niools, Acclimatisation of 

 the Salmonidcr at the Anti/mlcs (1882); Major J. 

 P. Traherne, The Habitt of the Salmon (1889); H. P. 

 Wells, The American Salmon Fisherman (1886) ; and C. 

 Hallock, Salmon Fisher (New York, 1890) ; besides the 

 articles ANGLING, POACHING, and PISCICULTURE, with 

 other works cited there. 



Salmon. GEORGE, mathematician and divine, 

 was born in Dublin, September 25, 1819, and had 

 his education at Cork, and at Trinity College, 

 Dublin, where he graduated as senior moderator 

 in mathematics in 1839. He was appointed to a 

 fellowship in 1841, took orders in 1844, and became 

 regius professor of Divinity in 1866, provost of the 

 college in 1888, being also a Fellow of the Royal 

 Society, a D. D. of Dublin and Edinburgh, D.C.L. 

 of Oxford, and LL.D. of Cambridge. His contri- 

 butions to mathematical learning include many 

 papers in the special journals, and admirable 

 treatises on Analytic Geometry, The Modem Higher 

 Geometry, Conic Sections, The Higher Plane Curvet, 

 and Geometry of Three Dimensions. In the de- 

 partment of theology his writings comprise four 

 volumes of strong and thoughtful sermons, College 

 Sermons (1861), The Reign of Law (1873), Non- 

 Miraculous Christianity (1881), Gnosticism and 

 Agnosticism (1887), and two collections of his 

 lectures, the first forming an excellent Intro- 

 duction to the New Testament (4th ed. 1890), the 

 other on the Infiillibiliti/ of tin- I'lmrch (1888), a 

 vigorous and unusually readable controversial work. 



S:ilini>iii<l;r. a large and important family of 

 Teleosteaii fishes in the order Physostomi. The 

 family includes salmon and trout (Salmo), smelt 

 (Osinerus), grayling ('J'/ii//n<i/li<s), vendace, pollan, 

 and 'white-fish' (Coregotnis), and four or five 

 other genera about a hundred species in all. 

 They inhabit both salt and fresh water, and many 

 migrate from the one to the other. With one 

 exception (in New Zealand), the fresh- water forms 

 are restricted to the temperate and arctic zones 

 of the northern hemisphere. The body is generally 

 covered with cycloid scales, the head is naked, 

 there are no barbules, there is an adipose or fatty 

 fin behind the dorsal, the pelvic fins are situated 

 about the middle of the ventral surface, the out- 

 line of the belly js rounded, the air-bladder is larjje 

 and o]>en, and with the stomach numerous pyloric. 

 I are associated. The eggs are large and are 

 shed into the abdominal cavity before they are 

 spawned. In lx>jiuty, activity, and also in palata- 

 liility, the Salmonida' rank high among fishes. 



See SALMON, SMELT, TBOUT, Ac. ; Day's British and 

 Irish Salmonida! (1887); and for tlie acclimatisation of 

 .Salmonida) since 1864 at the antipodes, works by Sir & 

 Wilson (1879) and Niools (1882). 



