126 



SAI.l'TK 



SALVADOR 



rank or oliice, addressing their inferiors. Pulilic 

 speakers use the form Vototrot ; and where the 

 audience is entitled to it, Utiat ( 'your Lordships' ). 

 Utttd (contr. from Vuestra Merced, 'your Honour' 

 >r 'your Worship') is the only word used in 

 common polite intercourse. Usled and its plural 

 Uitedet are common to both genders, and agree 

 with the verb in the third person singular or 

 plural, according to the ntimlier. At present 

 listed in writing is represented by V., Ustedet 

 by VV. or Vs. 



See the article* ADDRESS ( FORMS or). Kiss, KOTOW, 

 TOAST, kc. ; also the chapters on ' Gesture-language ' in 

 Tylor's Early Butory of Mankind (1866); Herbert 

 Spencer's Ceremonial Inititutioni (1879); the Corn/nil 

 Majxuine for November 1879 ; and E. B. Tylor in Mac- 

 millan'i Mafiazine for May 1882; and generally such 

 books as Waltz's Anthropotoyit dtr Naturvdtker. 



Salute is a compliment paid in the Navy and 

 Army when a royal or other distinguished person- 

 age presents himself, when squadrons or armed 

 Inxlies meet, when officers are buried, and on many 

 other ceremonial occasions. There are several 

 modes of saluting : firing great guns and small 

 arms, dipping colours, flags, and topsails, present- 

 ing arms, manning yards, bugle sounds, \-c. A 

 royal salute consists in the firing of twenty-one 

 great guns, in the lowering by officers of their 

 sword-pointe, and the dipping of the colours. A 

 form of salute of more frequent occurrence is when 

 a soldier ' presents arms ' or touches his cap to an 

 officer 



SalllZZO, a city of Northern Italy, at the foot 

 of the Alps, 42 miles by rail S. by'W. of Turin. 

 It contains a semi-Gothic cathedral, built in 1480, 

 with the tombs of the old marquises of Sain//". 

 their old castle (now a prison), and the ruined 

 abbey of Staffarda (1131-1737). Silvio Pellico 

 was born here. It manufactures silk fabrics, 

 leather, and hats. Pop. 9716. 



Salvador', the smallest but by far the most 

 thickly populated of the Central American He- 

 publics, consists of a strip of territory stretching 

 along between Honduras and the Pacific, and 

 bounded on the W. by Guatemala, and on the E. 

 by Fonseca Bay, which separates it from Nicaragua. 

 It is 140 miles in length by about 60 in average 

 breadth, and has an area estimated at 7225 sq. in.. 

 with a population (1895) of 803,550, or 111 to the 

 square mile. The formation of the country is easily 

 described. Except for a rich, narrow seaboard of 

 low alluvial plains, Salvador consist* of a level 

 plateau, some 2000 feet above the sea, furrowed by 

 river valleys and broken by numerous volcanic 

 cones, and bounded along the northern frontier by 

 a portion of the Central American Cordillera. Of 

 the volcanoes, which rise from 4900 to 6900 feet, 

 many are extinct, but others break into eruptions 

 at intervals, and Izalco, at least, near Sonsonate, 

 has been in constant eruption for more than a 

 century. Earthquakes, of course, are of frequent 

 occurrence (see SAN SALVADOR). Of the rivers, 

 all of them flowing towards the Pacific, the most 

 iru|M>rtant are the Cempa( 140 miles), which receives 

 the surplus waters of tiie Loguna de Cuija a large 

 lake on the liorders of Salvador and Cimtcnmla 

 ami the San Miguel, which drains the south-east 

 portion of the republic. The former, though a 

 rapid stream, might be made navigable for sk-ann-i - 

 for a great part of its course. The climate is 

 equable, very healthy in the interior, and even 

 along the coast less unwholesome than on the 

 Atlantic side of Central America. The land is 

 well watered, and the soil exceedingly fertile :_in 

 the ncighlmurhood of the capital four crops of maize 

 are grown in the year. Agriculture is extensively 

 carried on (largely by small proprietors), to the 



almost total exclusion of pastoral pursuit* though 

 fine cattle are raised near Sonsonate. The ]>riiu>ijial 

 product* are coffee, indigo, and balsam ; less im- 

 portant are tobacco, sugar, maize, rice, and beans. 

 The balsam, known as the Balsam of Peru (see 

 BALSAM), grows only in the part of the seaboard 

 near La Liliertad, known as the Balsam ('oust. 

 India-rubber, vanilla, ornamental woods, and other 

 products of the forest are also exported. The 

 forests present a Ic dense vegetation than on the 

 Atlantic side, and beasts of prey, such as jaguars 

 and pumas, are seldom seen. As a mining count ry 

 Salvador is not of importance, although Kotli gold 

 and silver are mined near La I'liion, and coal and 

 iron have lieen found and to some extent worked. 

 Manufactures i>f any consequence have not yet been 

 introduced. An active trade is carried on, and 

 many foreign houses are represented or settled 

 in Salvador. In 1888 the imports amounted to 

 604,673, in 1896 to 1,925,925; the exerts in 

 1888 were 993,634, and in 1896 1,481,481. Of 

 the imports in 1896, 386,107 (cotton goods, iron, 

 and woollens) were from, and of the exports 

 160,408 (coffee and dye-stuffs) went to, Great 

 Britain. The remainder of the trade is principally 

 with the United States, France, and Germany. In 

 1896, 338 vessels entered and cleared at the ports 

 of the republic. 



The bulk of the population is composed of Indians 

 and mixed races : the whites nuinl>cr scarcely 

 20,000. The Indians are of the Aztec ( Pipil ) race, 

 and all gpeak the Spanish language and profess the 

 Roman Catholic religion (the one established by 

 statute), except on the Bait-am Coast, where alone 



government is carried on by a president ( four years ) 

 and four ministers. The legislature consists of a 

 congress of seventy deputies (forty-two of them 

 proprietors), elected by universal suffrage for one 

 year. Education is free and compulsory, and in 

 1895 there were 600 primary schools (with 30,000 

 pupils) and 15 secondary and 2 normal schools in 

 the state, besides a university and a polytechnic 

 institute in the capital, San Salvador. Justice is 

 administered by a supreme court and several sub- 

 on 1 inate courts. The revenue in 1 888 was 562, 1 79, 

 and in 1896, 1,507,259; the expenditure in 1888, 

 420,013, and in 1896, 1,185,000. The internal 

 debt, was returned in 1896 as 1,185,185, and the 

 external debt at 254,000. There is a standing 

 army of 4000 men and 18,000 militia. Railways 

 connect Acajutla (the chief port) with the inland 

 towns of Santa Anna and Ateos, and Ateos with 

 Santa Tecla. Other railway lines are in course of 

 construction. There are over 2000 miles of good 

 roads, 1724 miles of telegraph, and 597 miles of 

 telephone wires. Salvador joined the postal union 

 in 1879. 



Salvador, originally called ducatlm-, was con- 

 quered after a long and obstinate contest by Pedro 

 de Alvarado in l.VAV-26. In 1821 it threw off the 

 Spanish V'kr, and from IS'J.'t to Is')'.) il belonged to 



the Central American confederacy. Sii Is'i.'t it 



has Ix-cn an independent republic, anil from 1SI14 

 till 1890 it had freedom from foreign wars, though 

 pronunciamienlos too often signalised presidential 

 elections. A brief war with Guatemala arose in 

 IS'.MI, on a proposed treaty of union between the five 

 Ccntial Aineiican States; and ill 18(14-96 Salvador, 

 Guatemala. Nicaragua. and Honduras bad provision- 

 ally united intoa ( 'entral American Republic (with- 

 out Co-la Ki'-a i. afterwards dissolved. 



See Scherzcr, Wanilerunien durch die mittelamer- 

 ikanitchrn Freittaaten ( Bnins. 1S57); Bates, Central 

 America (1879); Ouzinan, Afiunbimientm tolir> In 

 mografla flnca de la rep. del Salvador (8an Salv. 

 1883)- Reyei, tfocionei de hittoria del Salvador (San 

 Salv. 1886). 



