SALVAGE 



SALVATION ARMY 



127 



Salvage is the compensation made by the 

 owner of a ship or cargo in respect of services 

 rendered by persons, other than the ship's company, 

 in preserving the ship or cargo from shipwreck, 

 fire, or capture the perils to which property at sea 

 is peculiarly exposed. By statute, salvage is now 

 also due for the saving of the lives of persons on 

 'joard British ships. In the earliest maritime 

 codes, such as the laws of Rhodes, Oleron, and 

 Wi.-by, salvage was recognised ; and it is similarly 

 allowed by all modern maritime states. At com- 

 mon law the person who saves goods from loss or 

 imminent peril has a lien upon them, and may 

 retain them till the salvage is paid. Further, if 

 the salvage is performed at sea, or within high and 

 low water mark, the Admiralty Division of the 

 High Court has jurisdiction, and the salvors may 

 enforce their claim by the institution of an action 

 in rem. The Court of Admiralty also takes care 

 of the property pending the issue of the suit, 

 appraises the ship or goods, fixes the snm to be 

 paid in name of salvage, apportions the sum among 

 the salvors or seta of salvors, and, if necessary, 

 may direct a sale of the goods and a division of the 



Eroceeds between the salvors and the proprietors. 

 a the case of recapture from an enemy, the rate 

 of salvage is fixed by statute at one-eighth for the 

 royal navy and king's armed ships, and one-sixth 

 for private ships ; in other cases, however, the rate 

 is either fixed by agreement between the parties 

 or is left entirely to the discretion of the judge, 

 and varies with such social circumstances as the 

 labour and peril of the salvors, &c. It is provided 

 by statute that all goods saved from shipwreck in 

 the United Kingdom are to be delivered to the 

 Receiver of Wrecks appointed by the Board of 

 Trade ; and it is within the power of this official 

 to detain them till satisfaction is made of the 

 salvage, or till security is given for its payment. 

 The crew of a ship are not entitled to salvage or 

 unusual remuneration for any extraordinary efforts 

 they have made in saving her ; but when their 

 duty as seamen is over as by capture any suc- 

 cessful effort thereafter made by them to rescue 

 the ship entitles them to salvage. Salvage I^oss, 

 in marine insurance, is a method of adjusting the 

 loss by deducting the proceeds of the sale of the 

 damaged goods from the original value of these 

 goods, as represented by the invoice price. See 

 WRECKS, DERELICT ; and H. Newson's Laws of 

 Salvage, Towage, and Pilotage ( 1886). 



Sulvatit'rra, a town of Guanajuato, in Mexico, 

 on the Kio Lerma, 197 miles by rail NW. of Mexico 

 city. It has two cotton-factories, and a population 

 of 10,300. 



Salvation Army, a new religious organisation, 

 whicli took its rise in England in 1865, its founder 

 being the Rev. William Booth (q.v.). Being in 

 -"me sense a rebound from the less vigorous forms 

 of Christianity, this movement has from the first 

 been of a very aggressive and practical char- 

 acter. In theory and creed, save on some minor 

 points, the Salvationist is at one with all the 

 orthodox churches, but in method and organisation 

 the army differs largely from every existing de- 

 nomination. The neglected spiritual condition of 

 the lower part of the population of London first 

 appealed to the heart of Mr Booth ; and after 

 various efforts at conciliating the sympathy of 

 other Christians had been rejected, and tentative 

 lin<; of an old-fashioned sort had been found abor- 

 tive, Mr Booth determined to strike out a new 

 method anil to adopt a quasi-military organisation, 

 of which he himself would be the general. 'Grop- 

 Ing,' he writes, 'our way out of the conventional- 

 ism in which we had been trained, we tried com- 

 mittees, conferences, and all sorts of governments, 



showing how far we were wrong, until the military 

 idea was revealed to us.' Mr Booth was power- 

 fully reinforced by the co-operation of his wife, 

 who eloquently denounced the cold Laodiceanism 

 of the churches. At Hastings, Margate, and 

 Brighton, and in St James's Hall in London, 

 crowds of the upper and middle classes became her 

 auditors and presently her ardent supporters, to 

 help on the movement, which was called the 

 'Christian Mission.' 



In the spring of 1878 the entire mission was re- 

 organised on the model of a military force with the 

 title of 'The Salvation Army,' and as its head Mi- 

 Booth was henceforth designated 'general.' The 

 novelty of the new designation at once attracted 

 the notice of the press, some to approve and others 

 to oppose ; but the object was gained viz. to 

 attract and compel public attention to the grand 

 question of salvation. The mission at once rose 

 from comparative obscurity to a position of strength 

 and public support. Since that time the advance 

 has l>een almost like the rise of a city in the 

 Arabian tales. No doubt can be felt but that the 

 army's attitude and object answered real and 

 wide-spread needs of men's hearts. From eighty 

 positions or 'corps' in the first year (1878), and 

 127 labourers or 'officers,' the organisation in 1897 

 numbered over 6700 corps and outposts, and above 

 12,000 officers. In 1891 the officers were distributed 

 as follows : 



Officer*. 



Canada and Newfoundland 1,072 



United States, California, and South America 1,331 



Australia and New Zealand 1,364 



India and Ceylon 497 



South Africa and St Helena 201 



France, Switzerland, and Italy 441 



Scandinavia , 865 



Holland, Germany, and Belgium 307 



Great Britain 4,539 



Total 10,617 



So mightily grew this movement, spreading itself 

 over the whole world, that at the present time it 

 has struck its roots and become naturalised in 

 thirty-five countries in every quarter of the 

 globe. Indeed, it seems to be a native of no par- 

 ticular race or colour or clime, but to adapt itself 

 and make itself at home almost universally. A 

 country is geographically mapped out into ' dis- 

 tricts ' or dioceses, each under the care of an ex- 

 perienced officer generally called a 'major.' Every 

 large town and even large village in that district 

 is occupied by one or more corps commanded by a 

 captain, assisted by one or more lieutenants, all of 

 these being supported and entirely employed by 

 the army, their duty being to conduct everyday 

 services indoors and out-of-doors, to visit those 

 enlisted, and to plan, to advertise, and push on the 

 attention of all around the salvation of their souls. 

 Open-air services are held daily in the streets or 

 market-places, and processions, accompanied by 

 banners and bands of music ; multiplied indoor 

 services keep the attention of the public and 

 employ the zeal of all the members ; these are 

 enlivened with bright and animated choruses, short 

 addresses, and pointed appeals. Marriage between 

 members is solemnised ' under the Flag,' when each 

 pledges the other to be faithful to the War, and 

 never to hinder the spouse from fighting and even 

 suffering for Christ's sake. The officers can marry 

 the parties in Scotland and America, but in Eng- 

 land the registrar must be present. Children of 

 members are in their infancy dedicated to become 

 Future soldiers in the War for God and souls before 

 the whole congregation. While strict acquiescence 

 with superior orders is expected on the part of 

 officers and soldiers alike, the greatest freedom 

 is conceded in spiritual matters, and the Salva- 



