SALVATOR ROSA 



SALWEEN 



129 



Salvator Rosa. See ROSA. 



Salve Regina, the first words of the antiphon, 

 addressed to the Blessed Virgin Mary, said after 

 Lauds and Compline, in the Roman Catholic 

 Church, from Trinity to Advent. It dates from 

 the llth centnry, but first found a place in the 

 Breviary of Cardinal Quignon (1536), and thence 

 was adopted into that of Pope Pius V. (1568). 



Salviati, ANTONIO. See MURANO. 



Salvini. TOMMASO, tragedian, was born at 

 Milan, 1st January 1830, his father and mother 

 both being actors. The boy, who showed early 

 aptitude, was trained under Modena, a distin- 

 guished player, and became well known as -a 

 member of Ristori's company. In 1849 he fought 

 with distinction in the revolutionary war ; and 

 returning to the stage played with eminent success 

 as CEdipus in a play written for Salvini by Nicolini, 

 and as Saul in Alfieri's drama. In Paris he played 

 in these, in Racine's plays, and aa Shakespeare's 

 Othello the part with which he is identified in the 

 minds of English playgoers. He scored successes 

 in Brussels and Madrid, and visited the United 

 States in 1874, England in 1875, with as great (clot. 

 But after another visit to the United States in 

 1881, and to Britain in 1884, he retired from the 

 stage to enjoy a life of learned leisure in his villa 

 near Florence. Amongst his most striking parts 

 were besides Othello Hamlet, Macbeth, and 

 Lear. See Leaves from the A utobiography of Tom- 

 maso Salvini (1893). His son Alexander adopted 

 his father's career, and inherited much of his talent. 



Salvillia, a genus of the order of plants 

 formerly called Rhizocarpese or Pepperworts, now 

 known as the Heterosporous Ferns. They are 

 ' ferns ' l>ecau.se, amongst other reasons, the de- 

 velopment of the embryo is similar to that process 

 in the common ferns, and ' Heterosporous ' because 

 the sporophyte bears two kinds of spores instead 

 of one. To understand these plants it is necessary 

 to know the structure of Ferns (q.v.). The order 

 includes two families, the Salvmiaceee and the 

 Marsiliacese. The former consists of two genera, 

 Salvinia and Azolla, the latter also of two genera, 

 Marsilia and Pilularia. The spore-bearing genera- 

 tion of Salvinia is a plant that floats on 'tin 1 

 surface of water. The stem bears on its upper 



Fig. 1. 



A, transverse section of the stem of Salvinia natani, showing 

 rial leave* and submerged leaf, with porocarps. B, lon- 

 gitudinal section through three fertile teeth of a submerged 

 leaf, one sporocarp with macrosporangia, two with micro- 

 sporangia. (After Ooebel.) 



surface four rows of aerial leaves, and on its 

 under surface two rows of submerged aquatic 

 leaves, which have the outward form and func- 

 tions of roots ; there are no true roots at all. The 

 stem of Marsilia creeps along the surface of marshy 

 land, or on the bottom below the water. The 

 upper surface of the stem bears two rows of leaves 

 with long stalks, the under surface bears roots. 

 Pilularia has peculiar narrow leaves. In Salvinia 

 the sori or groups of sporangia are placed upon 

 the aquatic leaves near the insertion, whence the 

 old name Rhizocarpea-. The coverings or indusia 

 425 



form small berry-like objects. In Marsilia the sori 

 are borne upon fertile leaves which branch from in- 

 fertile leaves just above their insertion. The fertile 

 leaves are folded in like pea-pods, and each of them 

 encloses several sori. The sori of Pilularia are 

 similar, but globular. The sori of Salvinia and of 

 Azolla are of two kinds. Some contain numerous 

 long-stalked microsporangia with male spores ; 

 others contain fewer (in Azolla only one) short- 

 stalked female macrosporangia with female spores. 

 In Marsilia and Pilularia the macrosporangia and 

 microsporangia occur within the same sori. 

 The microspores develop into rudimentary fila- 

 mentous male prothallia. The antherozoids are 

 formed in two cells at the apex of the filament, 



Fig. 2. 



A, Marsilia salvatrix, anterior portion of stem with leaves ; k, 

 terminal bud ; b, ft, leaves ; / / sporocarpa springing from 

 leaf -stalks at x. B, PUvlaria globulifera; s, terminal bud of 

 stem ; b, 6, leaves ; w t roots ; / sporocarps. C, the extremity 

 magnified ; k, the lateral bud. (After Goebel.) 



which represent the antheridium. The macrospores 

 develop into female prothallia which never grow 

 more than to project a little from the spores ; they 

 bear archegoma. The oosphere within an arche- 

 gonium is fertilised by an antherozoid, and pro- 

 duces an embryo. The Heterosporous Ferns are 

 interesting as showing a stage in that reduction 

 of the prothallium as an independent plant which 

 reaches its climax in the Seed Plants. See FERNS, 

 OVULE, and PHANEROQAMIA. 



Sal Volatile, a well-known remedy for faint- 

 ness, consists essentially of a solution of carbonate 

 of ammonia in alcohol. It contains in addition 

 free ammonia and the volatile oils of lemon and 

 nutmeg. As it is a strongly caustic liquid, it 

 should never be taken unless well diluted with 

 water. See SALTS ( SMELLING ), and AMMONIA. 



Salween, a river of Asia that flows south 

 through the Shan country, then between Siam an-' 

 British Burma, and flows into the Gulf of Marto, 

 ban a little below Maulmain. It is navigable for 

 only about 80 miles up from its mouth ; its bed 

 is then interrupted by rapids and the dangerous 

 ravines through which it passes. The Chinese 

 call it the Lukiang; they also give the same name 

 to the Tibetan Giama Nu-chu. It is, however, 

 uncertain whether this last, which has a course of 

 some 700 miles through Tibet, and whose course is 

 known down to 27 45' N. lat., is the upper part of 

 the Salween or the upper part of the Irawadi 

 (q.v.). The course or the Salween (also spelt 

 Salwen, Salwin, and Salouain) is known only 



