130 



8ALZHKUNN 



8AMARANG 



M high as 25 N. lat The question can only be 

 settled when the pap of 2$ degrees has been ex- 

 plored. See the discussion in Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc. 

 (1887). 



Salzbruntl. a group of three villages (New, 

 Lower, and Upper Salzbrunn) in Prussian Silesia, 

 40 miles by rail SNV. of Breslau ; they have eight 

 mineral springs, which attract nearly 4000 visitors 

 in the season. The water is alkalo-saline ; some 

 1,100,000 bottles are exported every year. There 

 are glass and porcelain factories, yarn-spinning 

 works, brick-works, and coal-mines. Pop. 6459. 



Salzburg, a crown-land of Austria, bounded 

 on the W. by Bavaria and Tyrol, on the S. by 

 Carinthia, and on the E. by Styria. Area, 2762 

 sq. m. ; pop. (1880) 163,570"; (1890) 173,510. It 

 lies on the northern face of the eastern Alps, and 

 is a mountainous region, reaching altitudes of 

 12,000 feet in the Hohe Tauern. Snow-fields and 

 glaciers cover 115 so. m. in the more elevated 

 regions. The river Salzach (190 miles), a tribu- 

 tary of the Inn, flows east and then north through 

 one of the most picturesque of the Alpine valleys, 

 and drains the greater part of the crown-land. 

 The climate is variable but healthy. Two-fifths 

 of the surface are covered with forests, and two- 

 fifths consist of Alpine meadows. The rearing 

 of cattle and horses is an important branch of 

 industry. Salt is obtained in large quantities, 

 especially at Hallein (q.v.). Iron, copper, gypsum, 

 and marble are mined. The hot springs of Gastein 

 (q.v.) are widely celebrated. 



SALZBURG, the capital, occupies a charming situ- 

 ation on the Salzacn, by rail 195 miles W. by S. 

 of Vienna and 80 miles E. by S. of Munich. At 

 this point the river passes between two extensive 

 but isolated masses of rock (1716 and 2133 feet), 

 one of which, the MiSnchsberg (Monk's Hill), is 

 crowned by the old citadel, dating originally from 

 Roman times, but frequently rebuilt. These hills 

 and those that close in the valley are picturesquely 

 wooded. The river divides the city into two parts ; 

 on the west is the old city, with many dark, wind- 

 ing streete, getting access to the valley and plain on 

 the north through a gallery (440 feet long, 39 feet 

 high, and 23 feet wide), hewn (1767) in the solid 

 rock of the Monchslwrg. This portion of the city 

 contains the fine cathedral, with a white marble 

 facade, and built (1614-34) in imitation of St 

 Peter's at Rome; the Romanesque abbey church of 

 St Peter (1127), in the graveyard of which are old 

 monastic cells and a couple of chapels hewn out of 



il of 



styl . 



grand stables (now barracks) of the archbishops, 

 partly constructed of marble (1607); the Bene- 

 dictine monastery, with a valuable library of some 

 65,000 vols. and 900 MSS. ; and the archbishop's 

 palace. On the opposite bank l>oth banks are 

 laid out as tree-shaded drives and promenades 

 lies the modern town, with Italian-looking, flat- 

 roofed houses ; here the most prominent buildings 

 are Castle Mirabell (1607), the former summer- 

 residence of the archbishops ; the Capuchin monas- 

 tery (1599), and Si Sebastian's Church (1505-12), 

 with the monument of Paracelsus. The city IM>S. 

 MUCH also a theological faculty, all that remains 

 of the former university (1623-1810); a pnblic 

 library (1617) of 82,000 vols. and 1400 MSS.; a 

 niUHeiim of Celtic and Roman anti<|iiitieK, \-r. ; a 

 bronze monument ( 1842) to Mozart, a native of the 

 place; a new park mi the east bank; the govern - 

 mi-Hi bolldillgs (1088) I the town -house (1407), iVc. 

 Industry is not much developed, being confined 

 chiefly to the manufacture of musical instruments, 

 marble ornament*, &c. Pop. (1890) 27,741. The 



city stands on the site of the Roman settlement 

 .In 'Hi-inn, whieh was ruined by the tiotli- and 

 Huns. The nucleus of a new rity was made l.y 

 St Rupert of Worms, who established a monastery 

 here in the 6th century. Boniface made it a 

 bishop's seat in the 8th century, and in 7!ls it was 

 elevated to an archbishopric. The archbishop had 

 a seat and vote in the German diet, and were per- 

 petual legates of the po|>e, primates of Germany, 

 and princes of the empire. They were generally 

 noted for their ecclesiastical severity ; in 1498 the 

 Jews were expelled from the archbishopric : in 1525 

 the peasantry rose in revolt; in 17.T.2, aft<-r five 

 years' bitter persecution (in spite of all friendly 

 efforts on the part of the Protestant princes of Ger- 

 many), 30,000 Protestants left their homes (as 

 illustrated in Goethe's Hermann vnd Dorothea ) and 

 settled, on the invitation of Frederick-William I., 

 in Prussia, mainly in Lithuanian districts that had 

 been desolated by plague. The archbishopric was 

 secularised in 1803, and given to the Grand-duke 

 of Tuscanv, he l>eing made an electoral prince. 

 The archbishopric was re-erected in 1824. Except 

 for a short interval (1810-14), it has belonged to 

 Austria since 1805. Since 1849 it has formed a 

 separate crown land of the Austrian empire. 



See Zauner and Gartner, Chronik von Salzburg (11 

 vols. 1797-1827), and ZUlnur, Gachiehtt der Stadt Salt- 

 burff (1885). 



vil/kjilllllHTiMlt. called the Austrian Svnt- 

 zcrlanit, one of the most picturesque districts of 

 Europe, lies wedged between the Austrian crown- 

 land of Salzburg on the west and Styria on the 

 east. Area, al>out 230 sq. m. ; pop. 17,500. The 

 scenery combines in rare lieautv the features of 

 valley, mountain, and lake, "flic highest peak, 

 the bachsti'in, readies an altitude of 9830 feet. 

 But the district derives its principal attraction from 

 its lakes, the most famous of which are Hall-tali , 

 Traun or Gmunden, Atter, St Wolfgang, Al>rr, 

 Mond, and Zell. It derives its name of 'Salt- 

 exchequer Property ' from its salt springs and 

 mines, which yield some 80,000 ton* of Mil annual! \ , 

 The chief seats of the salt-works are Isehl (q.v.), 

 1 lalNi.il I . and Ebensee. Cattle-breeding and the 

 t in Jier trade are almost the only other industries. 



SalzwrdcL an old town of Prussian Saxony, 72 

 miles by rail N W. of Magdeburg, with manufactures 

 of sugar, linen and woollen fabrics, needles, chem- 

 icals, &c. Pop. 8883. 



Saiiiar. an irregular island of the Philippines, 

 SE. of Luzon. Area, 6000 sq. m. It has lofty and 

 nigged mountains, is thickly wooded, and yields 

 cocoanute, rice, abaca, &c. Capital, Catlwlogan, on 

 the west coast. Pop. about 200,000. 



Samara* a town of European Russia, on the 

 left bank of the Volga (of which it is a chief river 

 port), 656 miles by rail ESE. of Moscow. It lias a 

 large trade in corn, salt, tallow, timlier, &<., manu- 

 factures of tobacco, soap, and tiles, and n Koumiss 

 (q.v.) establishment, to whieh several hundred con- 



58,302 sq. m. and a |x>p. of 8,708,478, includl 

 100,000 Germans living in agricultural colonies. 



Samara, a dry indelmcent, usually one-sided 

 fruit, with a wing in Ash (q.v.), Elm (q.v.), and 

 Maple (q.v.) the last a don/,/' samara, 



Samarium, u seaport on the north of Java, 

 '.'."ir> mile* E. of Batavia, is the principal port for 

 the trade of Middle Java. Since 1873 it has been 

 connected with Jokjokarta and Surabaya by rail- 

 way. The European quarters have all the appear- 

 ance of a typical Dutch town. The more Important 

 buildings are a military hospital (. r >.">0 lied-0. the, 

 town-house (1854-64), and Christian churcheH and 



