136 



SAM I KL 



JSANC1IUN1ATHON 



Kcilali. the Negeb, and tlie Wilderness of Judah, 

 Saul's last struggle with tlie Philistines, David's 

 elevation to the throne, first of Judah and then of 

 all Israel, the transference of his capital to Jerusa- 

 lem, his victories over the Philistines, Moahites, 

 Aranm-ans, Ammonites, and Kdomites finds it* 

 continuation (approximately) in xviii. 6-8, \-2ti, 

 16, 20-29a, xix. 8-10, 11-17, xxi. 2-7, xxii., xxiii. 

 1-18, xxv., xxvii. 1-6, xxviii. 1-2, xxix., x.\\. . 

 2 Sum. ii.-v., viiL The analysis of the first section 

 (1 Sara, i 1-xiv. 52) begins with the narration 

 (again twofold) of the steps which led to- Saul's 

 elevation to the throne (see SAMUEL). The earlier 

 account is contained in ix. 1-x. 16, x. 276 (LXX. ), 

 xi. 1-11, 15, xiii. 2-xiv. 51; the later (sub- 

 stantially ) in 1 Sam. vii. 2-viii. 22, x. 17-27, xi. 

 12-14, xiL 1-25. Closely related to the former 

 (and in any case earlier than the latter) are 1 Sam. 

 i.-iii. (with the exception of ii. 27-36 and Hannah's 

 song) and 1 Sam. iv. 1-vii. 2. 



According to the Talmud, ' Samuel wrote his own 

 book ; ' Abrabanel attributes it to Jeremiah ; but 

 the Christian church has no definite tradition on 

 the subject. The attempt systematically to analyse 

 the composition of Samuel was lirst made by Gram- 

 berg (1830), who saw in it two parallel narratives 

 editorially combined. Similar essays were after- 

 wards made by Stahelin, Schrader, and Bruston. 

 The criticism, both ' lower ' or textual, and 

 'higher' or literary-historical, of the Book of 

 Samuel was raised to a new level of scientific 

 precision and accuracy by Wellhausen (in his 

 Text I/a- Biicher Samuelis, 1871, in his analysis 

 of the 'former prophets ' in Bleek's EMeitmitf, 

 1878, and in Die Composition des Hexateuchs u, 

 // hiftor. Biicher, 1889). He pointed out the 

 literary unity of tlie narratives in 2 Sam. ix. 

 1 Kings ii. (apart from 2 Sam. xxi.-xxiv.) 

 and its early date, and also disentangled the 

 main thread of 1 Sam. xiv. 522 Sam. viii. 18, 

 which represents a form of the tradition that must 

 have been committed to writing comparatively 

 soon. The older narrative in the first section he 

 also regarded as early. In some early form, which 

 almost certainly included some matters which have 

 since been dropped, butof course did not contain the 

 additions of a later age, these three sections were 

 brought together into one great continuous his- 

 torical work, corresponding to the present series, 

 Judges, Samuel, Kinj^, before the reign of Josiah. 

 The whole work afterwards underwent a Deuter- 

 onomistic redaction, which, however, from the 

 nature of the material, was not so systematic and 

 thorough in the case of Samuel as it was in those of 

 Judges and Kings. The division into these three 

 books was made by the Deuteronomist ; and it was 

 inii till after this had taken place that the mis- 

 cellaneous collection of passages (some of them 

 very ancient) which now forms the last four 

 chapters of Samuel, and breaks the original con- 

 tinuity, wan introduced. Among the passages that 

 help to fix the date of the final ied;ietion of Samuel 

 are 1 Sam. ii. 27-36, which \\Yllliausen considers 

 to be pre-exilic, hut not earlier than Josiah 'H reign, 

 and tne whole of the later form of the history of 

 Saul's elevation to the throne (see SAMUEL), which 

 in liis opinion cannot have been written before the 

 fall of the Jiide.iin monarchy. Bndde's work on 

 the structure and sources of Judges and Sainurl 

 (1890) is in sulmtantial agreement with the con 

 elusions of Wellhausen ; Budde, however, is in- 

 clined to assign an earlier date for the 'Mi/.pah' 

 passages (1 Sam. vii. Vctscq., &c.), and to put tlicni 

 on a level with the K of the Pentateuch. 



For the exposition of Samuel, nee the commentaries of 

 Thcniua (1842; 2.1 ed. 1864), Keil (1864; Eng. trans.), 

 Kliwtcrmann (1887), Kirkpn trick (in Cambntbic Bil>k 

 for School* and CotUya, 1881, and in Smaller Cam- 



bridge Bible for School*, 1889 ) ; and e*pecdally for textual 

 criticism, the very excellent work ol Driver, A'uta on 

 the Hebrew Text of Out Book* of Samuel (1890). 



San el Hatter. See TANIS. 



Sanaa . the former capital of tho Imams of 

 Yemen, is situated 200 miles N. by \V. of Aden, 

 in a broad grassy valley, sheltered by hills 1200 

 and 1500 feet high, and is itself 4000 feet aliove the 

 sea. The population of the city was estimated at 

 40,000, and of the valley at alnmt TII.IKKI, in IKiti; 

 the former is now probably about 20,000. The 

 city and its suburbs are surrounded by walls, and 

 overlooked by a couple of ruined fortresse-. l-V\v 

 of the buildings are older than the 16th centurv, 

 although the city has been in existence from tde 

 remotest ages. It was long the capita) of the 

 independent Imams of Yemen, and dining that 

 period was noted for its handsome buildings, and 

 gardens, its palaces, mosques, baths, &c. In I--7- 

 it submitted to Turkish rule, and has since then 

 declined in commercial importance, and been 

 allowed to fall into decay. 



San Antonio, capital of Bexar county, Texas, 

 and after Dallas the largest city in the state, is on 

 tlie San Antonio River, 210 miles by rail W. of 

 Houston. It carries on a large trade in the pro- 

 duce of the fertile country aronnd, and has flour- 

 mills, breweries, tanneries, &c. It contains a 

 Roman Catholic cathedral and seminary, an 

 arsenal and a United States government building, 

 court-house, and large park, and still retains some 

 picturesque traces or its Spanish origin. At Fort 

 Alamo, just across the river, occurred in lx:t<i the 

 ruthless slaughter, by Santa Anna, of t lie American 

 garrison of 188 men, including Crocket! anil Howie. 

 Pop. ( 1880) 20,550 ; ( 1890) 37,673 ; ( 1900) 53,:1. 



Sanbenlto. See AUTO DA FE. 



Sail Carlos, a well-built town in the Venez- 

 uelan state of Zamora, 125 miles S\V. of Caracas. 

 The town lies in a fertile plain, given up to agri- 

 culture and the rearing of cattle. Pop. 10,741. 



Snn fataldo, a town of Sicily, 10 miles W. of 

 Caltanisetta. Pop. 15,105. 



Sanchez, THOMAS, a Jesuit moralist and 

 casuist, was born at Cordova in 1550, and became 

 director of the school at (Jranada, where he died 

 19th May 1610. His best-known work, in virtue 

 of which he ranks as an A uctor Classicvs, is the 

 treatise De Sacramento Matrimonii (3 vols. Genoa, 

 1592). In this notorious work, parts of which 

 Pascal and Voltaire treated with scathing sarcasm, 

 the legal, moral, and religious questions that arise 

 out of the sacrament of marriage, and the relations, 

 regular and irregular, of the sexes, are treated in 

 portentous detail. Yet the author was throughout 

 his life esteemed a devout, pure-minded man. 



SaiM'lli a town of India, near Hhilsa, remark- 

 able for its great group of topes. See TIH-K. 



Sanrliiiniallioii (SAM-III.\I.\TII<>N, Sni-Ni- 

 AITIION i. the supposed author of a Phoenician 

 history of Phankwud Kgypt, called I'ln,inil,il:>i. 

 He is supposed to have been a native of l$erytus ; 

 and the account** which speak of him ;i- )>orn at 

 Sidon or Tyre pro'iablv take, these cities in their 

 wider sense for I'lnenicia itself. Our principal 

 information aliont him is derived from I'hilo of 

 Byblus, a Greek writer of the In-ginning of the 

 2d century A.D., who translated Saiichuniatlion's 

 history into his own tongue ; but both the original 

 and the translation are lost, save a few small 

 portions of the latter, preserved by Eusebius, who 

 uses them as arguments in a theological dispute 

 .i<_'!iinst Porphyry. According to Philo, Sanchuni- 

 athon lived during the rei^-n of Semiramis, queen 

 of Assyria, and dedicated his lunik to Abibalnw, 

 king of Berytus. Athenn-ns, Porphyry, and Suidas 



