SAND 



SANDBY 



141 



Letter*) are numerous. The best is the volume in th 

 Grand* Ecnmint series (Paris, Hachette), by the lat< 

 M. Caro, which, under a style at first appearing rathe 

 desultory and affected, will be found to contain excellen 

 criticism, and has been translated by M. Masson. Bu 

 the subject is so huge that no book in a small compas 

 can be really complete. There is an English monograph 

 by Miss Bertha Thomas in the series of ' Eminent Women. 

 Sand, KARL LUDWIG, the Jena theologica 

 student and member of the Burschenschaft (q.v.) 

 who assassinated Kotzebne (q.v.) as a traitor to hi 

 country. Born in 1795, he was executed by tin 

 sword, 20th May 1820. 



Sanilakail. the capital of the territory of the 



ntinh North Borneo Company. Founded about 



1880, it had a pop. ( 1891 ) of over 7000, one-half 



being Chinese, 131 Europeans, and the rest Sulus, 



Malays, and Javanese. 



Sandal Ma-aia, small town in the West 

 Kidmj* of Yorkshire, 2 miles SE. of Wakefield. 

 Near it are the remains of the old castle of the 

 Earls of Warren, ruined during the great Civi] 

 War. Pop. ( 1851 ) 1546 ;( 1891 ) 5082. 



Sandals. See BOOTS AND SHOES. 



Sandal wood (a name corrupted from Santal 

 wood), the wood of several species of the genus 

 Santalum, of the natural order Santalacere (q.v.), 

 natives of the East Indies and tropical islands of 

 the Pacific Ocean. Sandalwood is compact and 

 fine grained, very suitable for making work- 

 boxes, desks, and small ornamental articles, and 



i remarkable for its fragrance, which is fatal 

 to insects; so that cabinets of sandalwood are 

 extremely suitable for the preservation of speci- 

 mens in natural history, though much too expen- 

 sive for general use. White Sandalwood, the 

 most common kind, is the produce of a small tree 

 (Santalum album), a native of mountains in the 

 south of India and the Indian Archipelago, much 

 branched, resembling myrtle in its foliage and 

 privet in ite flowers. The girth of a mature tree 

 varies from 18 to 36 inches. 



It is a government monopoly in India, the exports 

 being now to the value of 80,000 a year. The annual 

 sale in 1889 was 2420 tons, chiefly obtained in the 

 Mysore province. Other species of sandalwood are 

 now brought into commerce, among which may be 

 named S. Freycinetianum of the Sandwich Isles, 

 which has a peculiarly rich perfume, from the 

 mountains of Hawaii, S. Yasi of Fiji, S. austro- 

 caledonicum from New Caledonia, S. Preissianum of 

 South Australia, and S. cygnorum of Western Aus- 

 tralia, Of the latter 4500 tons have been exported 

 in one year, valued at 36,200. The precious oil is 

 Obtained by slow distillation from the heartwood 

 and root. The bark and sapwood have no smell, 

 but the heartwood and root* are highly scented, 

 the billet nearest the root being most esteemed. 

 The average yield is about 2J per cent, or more 

 of oil ; indeed 100 11). of good sandalwood should 

 yield from 15 to 20 oz. of otto. As imported from 

 India it is very dense, of a pale straw colour and 

 of a mild but lasting odour. The best is that 

 prepared in Europe, principally in France and 

 England. From its high price sandal wood -oil is 

 especially liable to adulteration. 



The oil forms the basis of many perfumes, and is 

 ometimes used for disguising with its scent 

 rticles which, really carved from common wood, 

 are passed off for true sandal. The roots, which 

 ire the richest in oil, and the chips go to the still ; 

 while the Hindus can afford to show their wealth 

 and rpspect for their departed relatives by adding 

 sticks o_f sandalwood to the funeral pile. The woof, 

 ather in powder or rubbed up into a paste, is used 

 by all Brahmins in the pigments for their distin- 

 guishing caste-marks. In China the wood is used 



for carving, for incense, and for perfume the 

 imports ranging there from 100,000 to 146,000 cwt. 

 annually. 



Red Sanderswood, sometimes called Sandalwood 

 is the produce of a very different small tree, Ptero- 

 carpus santahnus, of the natural order Legumin- 

 osse, sub-order Papilionacefe, a native of the tropical 

 parts of Asia, particularly of the mountains of the 

 south of India. The tree is about 40 feet high, with 

 pinnated leaves, having generally three leaflets, and 

 axillary racemes of flowers. 'The heartwood is 

 dark red, with black veins, and so heavy as to sink- 

 in water. It is used as a dyestuff, imparting a 

 pale pink colour to cloth, and also by apothecaries 

 to colour certain preparations. In India it is 

 chiefly employed to mark idols and the forehead 

 in ceremonies. The Arabs use it as an astringent, 

 and it is the basis of some of our tooth-powders. 



Sandalwood Island, called also Tjindana 

 and Sumba, one of the Sunda group belonging to 

 the Dutch East Indies, has an area of 4385 sq. in 

 and a pop. of 200,000. The produce consists chiefly 

 in sandalwood and cotton, horses and poultry. 

 The island belongs to the residency of Timor. 



Sandarar, or SANDARACH RESIN, is a friable, 

 dry, almost transparent, tasteless, yellowish-white 

 resin, which is imported from Mogador, Morocco. 

 It is completely soluble in oil of turpentine, but 

 not completely soluble in alcohol. When heated, 

 or sprinkled on burning coals, it emits an agree- 

 able balsamic smell. It exudes from the bark of 

 the Sandarac tree ( Callitris quadrivalvis), a native 

 of the north of Africa, of the natural order Coni- 

 ferae. The quantity of sandarac used is not 

 great; it is employed in making varnish, and 

 generally speaking for the same purposes as Mastic 

 (q.v.). The Australian species also exude san- 

 darac. The finely-powdered resin is rubbed, as 

 Pounce, on the erasures of writing-paper, after 

 which they may be written upon again without; 

 the ink spreading. The mottled butt- wood of the 

 sandarac tree is highly balsamic and odoriferous, 

 extremely durable and valuable for cabinet-makers. 

 It fetched fabulous prices in Pliny's time. A cur- 

 rent error is that the gum of the Juniper is identi- 

 cal with sandarac. 

 Sanday. See ORKNEY ISLANDS. 

 Sandbacll, a market-town of Cheshire, near 

 the right bank of the Wheelock, 5 miles NE. of 

 Crewe. It has a good parish church, public rooms 

 ! 1859), a grammar-school ( 1594), and manufactures 

 of boots and shoes, fustian, iron, &c. Pop. ( 1851 ) 

 2852 ; ( 1891 ) 5824. 



Sandbags, in military works, are canvas bags 

 ,sometimes tarred) 32 inches by 16. They are 

 partially ^filled with sand or earth, averaging then 

 20" x 10" x 6", and forming a ready means of 

 jiving cover against the enemy's fire, or tamping 

 ;he charge in a mine. See MINES (MILITARY).: 

 They are also very useful in forming revetments to? 

 mrapets, loopholes for rifle pits, and lining foi 

 smbrasures, when they should be covered with raw', 

 lides to prevent them from taking fire. 



Sand-blast, a method of engraving figures ort 

 glass or metal. See GLASS, Vol. V. p. 245. 



Sandby, PAUL, ' the father of the water-colour 

 chool,' was born in 1725 at Nottingham, where he 

 and his brother Thomas, afterwards an architect 

 ,nd R.A., kept a school for some years. In 1741 

 'aul obtained a post in the military drawing de- 

 >artment at the Tower of London ; and in 1746-52 

 IB was draftsman of the survey of the Scottish 

 lighlands, which was one result of the rebellion of 

 745. Settling at Windsor, he made some seventy- 

 ix drawings of Windsor and Eton ; and he subse- 

 uently made a series of drawings of castles in 



