142 



SAND-CRACK 



SANDERSON 



Wales. He was a member of the St Martin's Lane 

 Academy, of the Incorporated Society of British 

 Artists, and an original member of the Royal 

 Academy, to whose exhibitions he regularly con- 

 tributed water -colour landscapes. Appointed 

 drawing-master to the Woolwich Military School, 

 he became famous as a fashionable teacher'of point- 

 ing. His drawings of Scottish scenery were pub- 

 lished as etchings by himself, his Welsh views in 

 iti|ii.-it inl ; and he was known also as a caricaturist. 

 His water-colours are outlined with the pm, and 

 only finished with colour ; his perspective is good, 

 and his architectural drawings admirable. But his 

 landscapes are ' tinted imitationsof nature.' He died 

 9th November 1809. Thomas, born 1721, died 1798. 

 See W. Sandby, Thomas and Paul Saiidby (1892). 



Sand-crack. See HOOFS, CRACKED HEELS. 



Sandean, LEONARD SYLVAIN JULES, French 

 novelist and playwright, was born at Aubusson in 

 Creuse, February 19, 1811, and went at an early 

 age to Paris to study law, but soon gave himself 

 entirely to letters. His short-lived intimacy with 

 George Sand produced one joint-novel, llose et 

 Blanche ( 1831 ), and suggested to the more famous 

 of the pair tier literary name. Sandeau's first 

 independent novel was Madame de Sommerville 

 (1834), his first hit Mariana (1839). These were 

 followed by a long series of novels, many of which 

 first appeared in the Revue de Deux Mondes ; the 

 best La Maison de Penarvan, Mademoiselle de 

 Kerouare, Mademoiselle de la Stigliere, Le Docteur 

 Herbeau, Catherine, Madeleine, Jean de Thommeray, 

 and among shorter stories, perfect in their kind, La 

 Chateau de Montsabrei/, Le Jour sans Lendentnin, 

 and Un Debut dans le Matjistntture. As a drama- 

 tist Sandcaii collaborated much with Emile Augier, 

 his most celebrated plays being Le Gendre de M. 

 Poirier, La Pierre de Touche, and La Ceinture doree. 

 Sandeau became keeper of the Mazariii Library in 

 1853, was elected to the Academy in 1858, and ap- 

 pointed librarian at St Cloud in 1859. He died at 

 Paris, 21st April 1883. As a novelist he never 

 attained the popularity of someof hiscontemporaries, 

 most probably because he steadily refused to make 

 illicit love the staple of his plots. A pleasing style 

 of reflection and an honest interest in the past are 

 characteristic notes ; his range of subjects is small 

 and mostly confined to provincial life, but the work 

 is fine, the characters distinct. See Saintsbury's 

 Essays on French Novelists ( 1891 ). 



Saildec. a town of Galicia, on the Dunajec, 45 

 miles SE. of Cracow. It was the scene of a great 

 fire in April 1890. Pop. 11,185, half of them Jews. 



Sand-eel. See EEL. 



SamlH'jord. a watering-place of Norway, 86 

 miles by rail SS\V. of Cliristiania. Pop. 2307. 



Saiidemanians. See GLASSITES. 



Sander ling ( Calidrts), a genus of birds of the 

 Snipe family, Scolopacidra, sub-family Tringinie, 

 characterised by the absence of a hind-toe. There 

 is only one species, the Common Sanderling (C. 

 arenaria), winch is widely distributed, breeding in 

 the Arctic regions, and ranging from Iceland and 

 east Greenland in the north to Cape Colony and 

 Natal and to Chili and Patagonia in the south, and 

 from north Alaska in the west to Ceylon, Borneo, 

 Java, China, Japan, and the Hawaiian Inlands in 

 the < east. It visits the British Isles in winter, 

 coming about the middle of August, and beginning 

 to depart in April, but found even till I June. It is 

 common on the coast, and is occasionally found 

 near inland lakes. It is about 8 inches long, and 

 it is very fat. The winter plumage is ash gray ; 

 the under parts are all white. The summer dress 

 has the feathers of the upper surface of a reddish 

 tinge with black markings. The sanderling in its 



breeding-places feeds on the buds of saxifrage* 

 and on insects, but in Britain its food is chicllv 

 marine worms, small crustaceans, and bivalve mol- 

 luscs. Its note in a shrill u-ii-L It is often found 



Sanderling, Male and Female ( Ca 



r arenaria ). 



in company with small plovers, and occasionally 

 with dunlins. 



Sanders, DANIEL, German lexicographer, was 

 born at Alt-Strelite in Mecklenburg on 12th No- 

 vember 1819. Educated at Berlin and Halle, he 

 was head of the school in his native town from is 43 

 to 1852, and thenceforth devoted his energies 

 to the making of dictionaries of the German 

 Language, books that enjoy a high reputation 

 amongst his own countrymen. The most important 

 and most popular are a Worterbttch (3 vuls. 

 1859-63), Kalcchismus der deiitschen Orthograjihie 

 (4th ed. 1878), lldiulirortcrbuch (4th ed. 1888), 

 FremdtDorterbuch (2 vols. 1871), Worterlnirh </<T 

 Httuutschwierigkeiten in der deiitschen Sprache 

 (18th ed. 1888), and Deutsche Sprachbrirfe ( 1878 ; 

 5th ed. 1885). He also wrote Geschiehte der dentschen 

 Sj>rache und Litteratur (3d ed. 1886), and edited, 

 with Ranjrabe, Geschiehte der neuqriechischen Litte- 

 ratur (1884). Died at Strelitz March 11, 1897. 



Sanders, NICHOLAS. See SAUNDERS. 



Sanderson, ROBERT, Bishop of Lincoln, the 

 greatest of English casuists, was born on 19th 

 September 1587, either at Sheffield or at his father's 

 seat, Gilthwaite Hall, near Kotherham. From 

 Rotherham grammar-school he passed in liis 

 thirteenth year to Lincoln College, Oxford, of 

 which he became a Fellow (1606), reader of 

 logic (1608), and thrice suh-rector (1613-16), in 

 the last year being also chosen senior proctor. 

 He had taken orders in 1611, and in 1618 was 

 presented to the rectory of Wvberton in Lin- 

 colnshire, in 1619 to that of Boothby-Pagnell, 

 near Griinlham, in the same county. In 1631 he- 

 was appointed a king's chaplain : ' I carry,' said 

 Charles I., ' my ears to hwn oilier preachers, but I 

 carry my conscience to hear Mr Sanderson, und to 

 act accordingly.' He was created D.D. in 1636; 

 from 1646 to 1648 filled the regius chair of divinity 

 at Oxford ; and continued parson of Boolhby- 

 Pagnell for upwards of forty years, even (in spite 

 of one imprisonment and frequent plundering) 

 through all the Great Rebellion. In October 1660 

 he was consecrated Bishop of Lincoln, and in 1661 

 he wus moderator of the Savoy Conference ; to 

 him arc due the present preface to the Prayer-l>ook 

 and the General Confession. He died at his palace 

 of Buckden, Hunts, 29th January 1663. His works, 

 collected and edited by Professor Jacobson (6 vols. 

 Oxford, 1854), comprise, besides sermons, the 

 Loyicff Artis Compendium (1615), De Obligations 

 Oontcientia; Praslectiones (1647; new oil. by 

 Whewell, 1851 ), Nine Cases of Conscience resolved 



