SANDGATE 



SANDPIPER 



143 



(1628-78), and Episcopacy not Prejudicial to the 

 Regal Power ( 1661 ). See the Life by Izaak Walton, 

 reprinted in vol. iv. of Wordsworth's Ecclesiastical 

 Biography (1853). 



Sandgate, a small watering-place on the south 

 coast of Kent, within the parliamentary limits of 

 Hythe, from which it is, however, nearly 3 miles 

 E. by rail. In March 1893 two hundred houses 

 were destroyed by a subsidence of the land. Sand- 

 rate Castle dates from 1539 ; near by is Shorncliffe 

 Camp. Pop. (1891) 1756. 



Sand-glass. See HOUR-GLASS. 



Sand-grouse (Pterocletes), a small order of 

 birds, quite distinct from the true grouse. There 

 are two genera, Pterocles and Syrrhaptes the 

 former, including over a dozen species, frequenting 

 sandy tracts in Asia, India, and especially in 

 Africa, the latter represented by two species, both 

 Asiatic. The sand-grouse are birds of beautiful 

 plumage, with heavy body, long and pointed wings, 

 very short legs ana toes. They are awkward on 

 the ground, but swift and graceful in flight. They 

 seem to feed chiefly on seeds. Pterocles alchata is 

 sometimes called Ganga. 



Pallas ' Sand -grouse (Syrrhaptes paradoxus), 

 named after the traveller Pallas (q.v.), is at 

 home on the sandy steppes of central Asia, 

 migrating northwards in winter, but at intervals 

 since 1859 this bird has wandered westwards over 

 Europe; in 1863, 1872, 1876, 1888, and 1889 

 flocks reached British snores ; flocks have been 

 seen in Ireland also, and hundreds, 'following 

 their instinctive desire to explore the extreme 

 west,' have found an end in the waves of the 

 Atlantic. The predominant colour is buff, barred 

 with black ; the total length of tin; bird is almut 

 15 inches. The eggs, usually three in number, 

 are buff-coloured with purple-brown blotches, and 

 are laid in a slight hollow in the sand. On the 

 plateaus of Tibet S. tibetanus, the other species of 

 this genus, has its home. See Macpherson, /'/(: 

 ( ' i .'i: it Ion ofPallas'i Sand-grouse to Scotland^ 1889 ). 



Saiul-hoplMT (Talitrus locitsta), a small 

 crustacean in the order Amphipoda, which so 

 abounds on the sandy seashores of Britain that 

 the whole surface of the sand often seems to be 

 alive with the multitudes which, leaping up for a 

 few inches into the air, look like swarms of dancing 

 flies. This activity is not, however, displayed at 

 all times ; but if a mass of seaweed left by the 

 retiring tide be turned over, countless sand-hoppers 

 may lie seen to leap away, or they may be found 

 by digging in the sand, in which they burrow. 

 The animal leaps by bending the body together, 

 and throwing it open with a sudden jerk. It feeds 

 on almost any vegetable or animal substance, 

 particularly on what is already dead and l>eginning 

 to decay. It is itself eaten by crabs, beetles, and 

 by many shore-birds. To some other species of 

 Talitrus and to some species of Orchestia the 

 namp sand-hopper is equally applicable, but T. 

 /1,1-n-stn is commonest. 



Sandhurst. See MILITARY SCHOOLS. 



Sandhurst, now usually called Bendigo, from 

 the district in which it is situated, stands on 

 Bendigo Creek, 101 miles by rail NNW. of Mel- 

 bourne, in Victoria, Australia, in the centre of a 

 rii'li itinifiToii-. roiintry. It owes its rise to the 

 discovery of gold here in 1851. The mines give 

 employment to 4600 persons, and yield about 

 144,500 m. in the year. Pop. ( 1881 ) 28,662 ; ( 1891 ) 

 26,735. The chief public edifices arc the govern- 

 ment building^ in Rosalind Park, the banks, hos- 

 pital, mechanic*' institute, churches, and govern- 

 ment ofliri-H. The town possesses fine botanical 

 gardens, and is excellently supplied with water. 



Besides gold-mining, the principal industries are 

 brewing, iron-founding, coach-building, brick aud 

 tile making, and in the district farming and vine- 

 growing. Sandhurst was proclaimed a municipality 

 in 1855, a borough in 1863, and a city in 1871. 



Sail Diego, the principal port of southern 

 California, and capital of San Diego county, stands 

 on the beautiful bay of the same name, 124 miles 

 by rail SSE. of Los Angeles. The bay, 6 miles 

 long, forms an excellent harbour, and the port is 

 now a very busy one, exporting much wool and 

 other chief products of the country. The climate 

 is genial, the temperature moderate, although the 

 orange and olive flourish here ; water is supplied 

 by a long 'flume,' which cost nearly $1,000,000. 

 Pop. (1880) 2637 ; (1890) 16,159. The old mission 

 of San Diego (1769), the first white settlement iii 

 California, is 8 miles north of the present city. 



San'diver (Fr. suint- de verre, 'scum of 

 glass'), a product of the glass furnaces. When 

 the materials used in the manufacture of glass 

 are melted a scum arises which has to be removed : 

 this is called sandiver, and is, when powdered, 

 used as a polishing material. 



Sand-martin. See SWALLOW. 



San (or Santo) Domingo, capital of the 

 Dominican Republic, stands on the soutli coast 

 of the island of Hayti, at the mouth of the Ozama. 

 It was founded by Columbus as early as 1494. The 

 principal buildings are the Gothic cathedral (1514- 

 40), where the ashes of Columbus found a rest 

 from 1536 till 1796, a college, a hospital, an arsenal, 

 and the government buildings. The streets are 

 broad and straight, the houses mostly of wood, and 

 the town is surrounded by a wall. The harbour is 

 defended by forts and batteries. Pop. 15,000. See 

 also HAYTI, and DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 



Saildoway, a district in the south of Arakan 

 (q.v.) in Burma, named after its chief town (pop. 

 2000), 15 miles from the mouth of a small river of 

 the same name, and 150 miles NW. of Rangoon. 



Sandown, a watering-place on tlie south-east 

 coast of the Isle of Wight, 6 miles by rail S. of 

 Ryde. Pop. ( 1881 ) 3120 ; ( 1891 ) 3592. 



Sandown Park, a well -known race -course 

 (130 acres) in Surrey, near Esher, 15 miles SW. of 

 London. All the inmates of an old hospital here 

 were swept off by plague in 1348. See HORSE- 

 RACING. For Sandown Castle, see DEAL. 



Sand-paper is made like Glass Paper (q.v.), 

 but with sand in place of glass particles. 



Sandpiper, the common English name for a 

 group of birds of the Snipe family, Scolopacidte. 

 The name as now used is applied to all the birds 

 in three sub-families, Totaninae, Tringinae, and 

 Phalaropodinse. In characters and habits they are 

 alf very similar. Their size is not large ; their 

 movements are active and graceful ; their plumage 

 is not gay, but pleasing and finely diversified in 

 colour ; legs rather long ; lower part of the tibia 

 naked ; tail very short ; wings moderately long ; 

 bill rather long and slender, grooved throughout 

 the whole or a considerable part of its length, 

 straight in some, a little arched in others. The 

 feet have three long toes before, and one short toe 

 behind, either partially webbed at the base or com- 

 pletely separate. They swim well, but are not 

 often seen swimming ; they frequent sandy sea- 

 shores, some of them congregating in numerous 

 flocks in autumn and winter, and seek their food 

 by probing the sand with their bills, and by catch- 

 ing small crustaceans in pools or within the margjn 

 of the sea itself. Many are birds of passage, visit- 

 ing high northern latitudes in summer, and spend- 

 ing the winter in the south. The flesh of all the 

 species is good, and some of them are in much 



